Class 11: Personality and Culture

Question 1

What is culture?

Answer 1

psychological aspects of groups (languages, modes of thinking, values, norms, ethnicity)

Question 2

How do you get cultured?

Answer 2

enculturation and acculturation

Question 3

What is enculturation?

Answer 3

born into a culture

Question 4

What is acculturation?

Answer 4

move from one culture to anaother

Question 5

Why should we study culture?

Answer 5

• international understanding
• external validity
• understanding whole persons

Question 6

Why is international understanding important?

Answer 6

• forms
• criminal
• embarrassing

Question 7

Why is external validity important?

Answer 7

80% of participants in research are WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic)

Question 8

Why is understanding whole persons important?

Answer 8

• experience of the world
• cultural lens
• interpreting behaviour

Question 9

What is etics?

Answer 9

universal core or components of an idea

Question 10

What is emics?

Answer 10

specific aspects or particulars of an idea

Question 11

How do culture differ?

Answer 11

• easy and tough
• achievement and affiliation
• tightness and looseness
• head and heart
• individualism and collectivism

Question 12

What is easier cultures?

Answer 12

people can pursue many paths to success

Question 13

What are harder cultures?

Answer 13

few paths to success

Question 14

What is achievement?

Answer 14

emphasis on individuals to rise to success

Question 15

What is affiliation?

Answer 15

emphasis on love, group harmony and bonding

Question 16

How is power consumption related to achievement?

Answer 16

positively related because power being consumed in a culture oriented towards achievement

Question 17

How are individuals motivation and migration related to achievement?

Answer 17

go to other places where they will have opportunity to achieve

Question 18

What is tightness?

Answer 18

it is not okay to deviate from norms

Question 19

What is looseness?

Answer 19

it is okay to deviate from norms

Question 20

What is an example of tightness and looseness?

Answer 20

• priority seating
• jaywalking

Question 21

Why would cultures vary in tightness and looseness?

Answer 21

• population density (low = loose, high = stricter)
• diversity (more = loose, less = tighter)

Question 22

What is head?

Answer 22

value artistic excellence, creativity, curiosity, learning

Question 23

What is heart?

Answer 23

fairness, mercy, gratitude, hope, love

Question 24

What happens to cities oriented towards the head?

Answer 24

high job growth and low unemployment

Question 25

Why do some people value head or value heart?

Answer 25

- selective migration - social influence - geological factors

Question 26

What is individualism and collectivism?

Answer 26

how people related to society

Question 27

What is individualism?

Answer 27

the individual is more important and independence is an importance value

Question 28

What is collectivism?

Answer 28

needs of the many outweigh rights of individual

Question 29

What are the different comparisons of individualism and collectivism?

Answer 29

- autobiographies - title - self-regard - behavioural consistency - mental health - social - arranged marriages - emotions

Question 30

Are the big five traits true in other countries?

Answer 30

they are mostly etics with some exceptions since facets and items are more emic

Question 31

What is multicultural?

Answer 31

a place or person with many cultures

Question 32

What is true about bilinguals?

Answer 32

biculturals can switch between cultural lenses so they may have two personalities

Question 33

What is frame switching?

Answer 33

depending on the language they are speaking an individual can switch cultural lens

Question 34

Why could frame switching be bad?

Answer 34

if the person does not have a cohesive sense of identity they may experience psychological distress

Question 35

What are challenges of culture?

Answer 35

- ethnocentricism - exaggerated differences

Question 36

What is ehtnocentrism?

Answer 36

judging another culture from the POV of your own

Question 37

Why are there exaggerated differences?

Answer 37

1. trying to find differences 2. poor statistical validity 3. outgroup homogeneity bias

Question 38

What is outgroup homogeneity bias?

Answer 38

people perceive individual differences within their own culture and everyone else looks the same

Question 39

What are the future directions of culture?

Answer 39

- within culture changes - personality and culture causal flow

Question 40

What are within culture changes?

Answer 40

- culture isn't unchanged - increasing individualism - increasing extraversion

Question 41

What is personality and culture causal flow?

Answer 41

- no research - personality impacts culture at a micro-level and a macro-level