Class 2 - Social Structures and Interaction Flashcards
1
Q
Experimental Designs
A
Directly manipulates variables
-Random Sampling
-Random Assignment
-Control of extraneous variables
-Manipulation of treatment
2
Q
Extraneous variable
A
Something not being tested that can effect the outcome of the experiment
ex.) time of year, color of uniforms
3
Q
Non-Experimental Designs
A
Variables are not directly manipulated
-Ethnographic Studies
-Twin Studies, Heritable studies
-Archival Studies, Biographical Studies
-Phenomenological Studies
-Observational studies
-Case studies
-Longitudinal Studies
4
Q
Ethnographic Study
A
The researcher immerses themselves in the community to observe something; cultural immersion
5
Q
Archival Study
A
Use records and research from the past
6
Q
Biographical Study
A
Interviewing people or using records from the past
7
Q
Phenomenological Study
A
A study that looks at a certain phenomenon
ex. impact of quarantine or schooling from home on children
8
Q
Observational Study
A
The researcher does not make themselves known or intervene, but observes something
9
Q
Case Study
A
Looking at one or two individuals, or one individual at a time
10
Q
Longitudinal Study
A
Long-term study over years or decades
11
Q
Between Subjects experimental design
A
Comparing different individuals or groups
12
Q
Within Subjects experimental design
A
Multiple measures of the same individuals to groups; comparison within a group
ex. cortisol levels on a group that watched a horror movie at different times
13
Q
Quantitative experimental design
A
Provides numerical results
14
Q
Qualitative experimental design
A
Provides descriptive information
ex. what people say or write
15
Q
Mixed Methods experimental design
A
Using between and within subjects design; Using qualitative and quantitative methods; Using several methods to see differences
16
Q
Repeated Measures
A
Measuring something specific repeatedly over time
ex. within subjects design
17
Q
Quasi-Experimental Method
A
There is no control group; usually just one group at different time points, possibly having multiple measures
18
Q
Comparative Method
A
Looking at existing groups/studies; groups cannot be created
ex. smokers vs non-smokers (can’t make people smokers)
19
Q
Internal Validity
A
Can conclude to a degree that the independent variable is responsible for the outcome;
extent to which the outcome variable is due to the intervention
ex. continue testing people and keep seeing same results = high internal validity
20
Q
5 Common Threats to Internal Validity
A
- Impression Management
- Confounding Variables
- Lack of Reliability
- Sampling Bias
- Attrition Effects
21
Q
Impression Management
A
Participants of an experiment adapt their responses based on social norms or perceived researcher expectations; self-fulfilling prophecy; methodology is not double blind; Hawthorne effect
22
Q
Confounding Variables
A
Extraneous variables not accounted for in the study; another variable offers an alternative explanation for results; lack of a useful control
ex. age, gender
23
Q
Lack of Reliability
A
Construct validity; measurement tools do not actually measure what they proper to measure; lack consistency
24
Q
Sampling Bias
A
Selection criteria is NOT random;
Population used for sample does not meet conditions for statistical test
Population is not normally distributed/ NOT randomly sampled
ex. Stanford Prison Study - people were volunteers
25
Attrition Effects
Participants drop out of study;
Participant fatigue
26
Hawthorne effect
People know they're being watched and will alter behavior because of it
27
Construct Validity
Whether the thing you're proportion to measure is actually measuring that thing
ex. measuring depression with a survey
28
External Validity
AKA Experimental Generalizability
Extent to which the findings can be generalized in the real world
29
4 Common Threats to External Validity
1. Experiment doesn't reflect real world
2. Selection Criteria
3. Situational Effects
4. Lack of statistical power
30
Experiment doesn't reflect real world
Laboratory setups don't translate into the real world;
lack of experimental generalizability
31
Selection Criteria
too restrictive in inclusion/exclusion criteria for participants;
sample is not representative
32
Situational Effects
Presence of laboratory conditions changes outcome
ex. pre- and post-test, presence of experimenter
33
Lack of Statistical Power
sample groups have high variability or the sample size is too small
34
Validity vs Reliability
Reliability - How repeatable something is; how much it can be trusted
Validity- Measuring the thing you say it's measuring; How correct it is
35
Reliability
Consistency, repeatable
36
Validity
Does it measure what it claims to measure
37
Beck Depression Inventory
-One of the most common instruments used to measure depression
-Highly reliable- taking it twice will give similar score
-Highly valid- a high score indicates the person likely has depression
38
Social Institutions
Standardized set of social norms organized to preserve a societal value
39
5 Core Social Institutions
1. Family
2. Education
3. Government, Economy, and Politics
4. Religion
5. Health/Medicine
40
Stability of social institutions helps prevent what?
Anomie - occurs when societal values do not adequately guide the individual or group behavior
41
Education as a social institution
a formal process whereby knowledge, skills, and values are systemically transferred from one individual or group to another
-provides mass literacy and more opportunity
42
Hidden Curriculum
Unintentional lessons about norms, values, and beliefs
-Things taught by example
43
Ways education promotes equality
-avg years of schooling and income inequality have a neg. correlation
-more education associated with less inequality
44
Ways education promotes inequality
-Hidden curriculum
-Teacher expectancy
-Educational Stratification
-Educational Segregation
45
Teacher expectancy
Teachers' expectations shape the students' behaviors
46
Educational Stratification
Ranking students based on their level of academic achievement
47
Educational Segregation
When education is different depending on the neighborhood based on the wealth in the neighborhood
48
Family as a social institution
relates individuals by a socially-defined set of relationships like birth, adoption, and/or marriage
49
Which sociological theory best explains the usefulness of family to society?
Functionalism
50
Religion as a social institution
involves beliefs and practices related to the sacred
51
How would functionalism and conflict theory differ in their study of religion?
Functionalism - helps people come together, get along, and find purpose, which makes people more likely to help society
Conflict theory - religion is a way of gaining power and control
52
Government as a social institution
Makes and enforces the rules of society and regulates relations with other societies
53
Economy as a social institution
arranges the production, distribution, and consumption of goods, services, and resources
54
Oligarchy
Government by a small group of people with power that are usually not elected
55
Ideal Bureaucracy
-Developed by Max Weber
-5 Characteristics
56
5 Characteristics of an Ideal Bureaucracy
1. Hierarchical structure
2. Neutrality/Impersonality
3. Officials hired and promoted on technical competence (meritocracy)
4. Written rules and expectations
5. Division of labor
57
Meritocracy
Higher social mobility; social status determined by individual effort; more dependent on effort; rewarded based on effort
58
McDonaldization
Trends toward efficiency; refers to the principle in the fast-food industry dominating other sectors of society
59
Medicalization as a social construct
Making something into a condition or disease when it may not have been one previously or in other cultures
ex. ADHD, depression
60
The process of medicalization can be driven by:
-new information or discoveries regarding conditions
-changing social attitudes or economic considerations
-the development of new medications or treatments
61
Sick Role
A theory that individuals who are ill have certain rights and responsibilities in society; if an ill individual cannot fulfill the same duties that a person in good health can, society allows for a reasonable amount of deviant behavior
62
Rights and responsibilities of ill individuals
-Right: the sick person is exempt from normal social roles
-Right: The sick individual is not responsible for their condition
-Obligation: The sick person should try to get well
-Obligation: The sick person should seek treatment and cooperate with the medical professional
63
Institutional discrimination
The institution or social structure as a whole engages in discriminatory practices against an individual or group
ex. redlining
64
Redlining
Neighborhoods were kept to certain races or ethnicities by preventing people from renting or buying in an area
65
Availability
Whether the resource itself actually exists
ex. are there enough emergency rooms
66
Accessibility
Can everyone access the resource and use the resource
67
Accessibility or Availability problem? Patient is seeking a lung transplant and is put on a long waiting list due to a lack of donors
Availability
68
Accessibility or Availability problem? A patient has metal (non-titanium) screws in her leg and is unable to have an MRI, even though this scan would be the most effective for her
Accessibility
69
Accessibility or Availability problem? A bariatric patient recently became unemployed, and he cannot afford the specialized diet his physician recommends. He also does not drive and there are no supermarkets within 5 miles of his home.
Both
70
Accessibility or Availability problem? Patients with mental health disorders may not seek professional services due to the stigma of shame around their illness.
Accessibility
-experience a cultural barrier
71
Social epidemiology
The study of social determinants of health and the use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population
72
Social Condition
Social determinants of health, such as availability of food supplies, drug use, access to quality education, unemployment, crime rates, and access to healthcare
73
Favorable conditional factors
good social conditions that improve the overall quality of life
ex. health food stores, more walking paths, more police presence, more parks
74
Social problems
bad social conditions with a negative impact
ex. drug use, high crime rates
75
Social isolation
the complete or near-complete lack of contact with others in society
76
Socioeconomic Gradient in Health
The higher the SES, the higher the health income. Positive correlation between higher socioeconomic status and better health outcome
77
Major Demographic Factors in Society:
-Immigration status
-Age
-Race
-Ethnicity
-Sex
-Gender
78
Malthusian Theory
Idea that unchecked population growth would lead to carrying capacity, and overpopulation would lead to catastrophe
ex. many third world countries
79
Demographic Transition Theory
Societies transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates
ex. mostly industrialized countries
80
Pre-Industrial Stage on population:
high birth rate, high death rate
81
Industrial Revolution on population:
high birth rate, but death rate falls, leading to population growth
82
Post-Industrial Stage on po-population:
low birth rates and low death rates; population stabilizes
83
Sex
Biological
84
Gender
Social construct
85
Race
Dividing people into populations or groups based on common physical traits
ex. skin color, face shape
86
Ethnicity
A population whose members identify with one another based on cultural similarities or nationality
ex. language, food, religion
87
Urbanization
The tendency for more people to be living in urban environments
88
Globalization
Anything, good or bad, that is spread around the world or community
89
Gentrification
Wealthy people move to an area and drive up the cost of things and make the area more expensive to live in
ex. Brooklyn, NYC
90
Moderating Variable
Diminishes the impact something would have; moderates the impact and keeps it from going to an extreme
91
Mediating Variable
Gets in between things, acts as a mediator; doesn't necessarily prevent extremes
92
Residential Segregation
Physical separation of groups into different areas, typically along the lines of race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status
ex. Chicago
93
Environmental Injustice
Low socioeconomic status and minority groups tend to live in areas where environmental hazards and toxins are disproportionally high
94
Food Desert
Places where fresh food is difficult to obtain; typically in highly populated, lower-income urban environments
95
Prejudice
involves preconceived judgements towards people based on their group membership; Prejudice is a BELIEF not a behavior
96
Discrimination
biased treatment of an individual based on their group membership; Discrimination involves BEHAVIOR
97
Social Segregation
Tendency of people from the same social group to interact with each other and have minimal contact with individuals from other social groups; can be voluntary or involuntary
98
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
The social class or standing of an individual or group
99
How is SES often measured? (3)
Measured was a combination of education, income, and occupation
100
3 Ps that define SES:
1. Prestige - one's reputation and social standing
2. Power - ability to enforce one's will on another
3. Property - possessions, income, and other wealth
101
Absolute Poverty
Inability to secure basic necessities of life; don't have bare minimum
102
Relative Poverty
Inability to meet the average standard of living defined by a society
103
Caste System
No social mobility; based on what class you're born into; less dependent on effort
104
Class System
Some degree of social mobility; social status determined by combination of birth and merit
105
Social Reproduction
Tendency for inequality to get passed from one generation to the next
106
Vertical Mobility
Moving upward or downward in a class
107
Horizontal Mobility
Have options for mobility at the same level
108
Intergenerational Mobility
Mobility from one generation to the next
109
Structural Mobility
Mobility within an organization
110
Social Mobility determined by (3):
Physical Capital - money, property, land, and other physical assets
Social Capital - who you know, social networks
Cultural Capital - non-financial attributes evaluated by society; age, gender, education, race, ethnicity, language
111
Master Status
the role or position that dominates; this tends to determine your general "place" in society
ex. Doctor, mother, wife
112
Ascribed Status
A status/role assigned to you by society regardless of effort
ex. being a woman, age, race
113
Achieved Status
A status/role that is earned; can overlap
114
Status
A socially defined position in society
115
Role Conflict
Occurs when there is conflict among the expectations for multiple social positions
ex. doctor, parent, and spouse
116
Role Strain
Occurs when there is tension in the expectations of a single social position
ex. like what you're studying but also like to go out
117
Role Exit
The transition from one role to another
118
Group
A number of people (as few as two) who identify and interact
119
Aggregate
People who exist in the same space, but do not identify or interact with each other
120
Category
Shares certain characteristics, but do not interact
121
Primary Group
Usually smaller; have close, personal relationships that are typically long term and focus on the relationship itself
ex. family, spouse, close friends
122
Secondary Group
Usually larger; impersonal and goal oriented relationships where people usually interact on a less personal level; typically short term relationships that set out to accomplish a specific goal
ex. co-workers, classmates, teammates
123
In-Group
Any group a person belongs to or identifies with
124
Out-Group
Any group a person does not belong to or identify with
125
Reference Group
Any group that one identifies with and compares themselves to; they may or may not actually be a member of this group
