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BIOL 1009 > Class 22 - End > Flashcards

Class 22 - End Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

Adaptation

A

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances their survival and reproduction in specific environments

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2
Q

Directional Selection

A

Selection occurring when conditions favor those with one extreme of a phenotypic range, shifting a population’s frequency curve for the phenotypic character

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3
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Selection occurring when conditions favor those at both extremes of a phenotypic range over those with intermediate phenotypes

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4
Q

Founder Effect

A

when a small group, isolated from the larger population, establishes a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

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5
Q

Gene Flow

A

The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

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6
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Allele frequencies fluctuating from one generation to the next

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7
Q

Gene Pool

A

All copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

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8
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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9
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

When a population isn’t evolving– allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation (provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work)

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10
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. Can be due to natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

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11
Q

Non-random Mating

A

When you pick a mate out of proximity as opposed to a luck of the draw out of the entire population of suitors. Like it wouldn’t be random of me to mate with someone from my immediate location as opposed to someone across the globe.

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12
Q

Relative Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation RELATIVE to the contributions of others

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13
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selection acting against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants

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14
Q

Analogous Structure

A

When species share features because of convergent evolution

→ shares similar function, NOT ancestry

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15
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Process of modifying species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals possessing desired traits

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16
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Two part format for naming species (genus + species)

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17
Q

Biogeography

A

Scientific study of the geographic distributions of species

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18
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

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19
Q

Comparative Embryology

A

Compares and contrasts embryos of different species. It is used to show how all animals are related

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20
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

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21
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

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22
Q

Fossil

A

Remain or trace of an organism from the past

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23
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. ex: mammalian forelimbs

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24
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

Method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample

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25
Strata
Layers of rock (singular : stratum) | Can show fossil age (top layer of rock would have younger fossils than the bottom layer)
26
Systematics
Discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
27
Taxonomy
Discipline that names and classifies organisms
28
Transitional Form
Fossils or organisms that show the intermediate states between an ancestral form and that of its descendants
29
Vestigial Structure
Remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors but don't serve a contemporary function
30
Ancestral Character State
.
31
Character
.
32
Character State
.
33
Derived Character State
.
34
Homoplasy
Analogous structure that arose independently (convergent evolution)
35
Lineage
A sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor.
36
Linnean (Hierarchical) Classification
``` Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```
37
Outgroup
Species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species being studied → The species being studied is called the ingroup
38
Phylogeny
The evolutionary history of species or group of species
39
Principle of Parsimony
The principle that the simplest explanation that can explain the data is to be preferred. In the analysis of phylogeny, parsimony means that a hypothesis of relationships that requires the smallest number of character changes is most likely to be correct.
40
Taxonomy
Discipline that names and classifies organisms
41
Allopatric Separation
Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations.
42
Allopatric Separation
Gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations .
43
Allopolyploid
Fertile polyploid that can't interbreed with the parent species (essentially, it's a new species)
44
Autopolyploid
Individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species
45
Biological Species Concept
Defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but don't produce such offspring with members of other such groups
46
Ecological Species Concept
Defines a species in terms of its ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment
47
Hybrids
Offspring resulting from interspecific mating
48
Macroevolution
The broad pattern of evolution above the species level
49
Morphological Species Concept
Distinguishes a species by body shape and other structural features
50
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestry, forming one branch on the tree of life
51
Polyploidy
Accident during cell division resulting in extra sets of chromosomes
52
Postzygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
Prevents hybrid from growing into a viable, fertile adult. Done through: - reduced hybrid viability - reduce hybrid fertility - hybrid breakdown (feeble/sterile offspring)
53
Prezygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
Blocks fertilization from occurring. Done through: - impeding members of different species from mating - preventing an attempted mating from completing successfully - hindering fertilization if mating is completed
54
Reproductive Isolation
Existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from interbreeding and having offspring
55
Species
The largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring
56
Sympatric Model of Speciation
When speciation occurs between sympatric organisms.
57
Sympatry
When organisms exist in the same geographic area and thus regularly encounter one another.
58
Autotrophy
Organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy
59
Biogeochemical Cycle
Pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth
60
Biome
Major life zones characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes or by the physical environment in aquatic biomes
61
Climograph
Plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a certain region
62
Detritivore (Decomposer)
Organisms that nourish themselves by eating detritus (nonliving organic waste)
63
Ecology
Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
64
Ecosystem
Community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact
65
Energy Pyramid
Shows how energy is transferred from the lowest trophic structure to the highest trophic structure
66
Food Chain
The transfer of food energy up the trophic level from its source in autotrophs up to decomposers
67
Food Web
The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem
68
Heterotrophy
Organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances
69
Primary Production
The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period
70
Producer
Autotroph synthesizing sugars and organic compounds
71
Trophic Structure (Level)
Refers to whether an organism is a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer... where they are on the food chain
72
Speciation
The process by which one species splits into two or more species
73
Age Structure
The relative number of individuals of each age in the population
74
Carrying Capacity (K)
The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
75
Density-dependent
Death rate that increases with population density or a birth rate that falls with rising density
76
Density-independent
A birth or death rate that doesn't change with population density
77
Exponential Population Growth
Population increase under perfect, unlimited conditions, occurring when r[inst] is less than zero and is constant at each instant in time → creates a J curve dN/dt = r[inst]N
78
K-selection | density dependent selection
Selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and are favored at high densities.
79
Life History
The traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival
80
Life Table
Age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population
81
Logistic Population Growth
The per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears its carrying capacity → sigmoid (S) curve
82
Per Capita Rate of Increase
▲N / ▲t = B - D
83
Population
Group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
84
Density
The number of individuals per unit area or volume
85
Dispersion
The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
86
r-selection | density independent selection
Selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environment
87
Sex Ratio
.Ratio of males to females in a population
88
Survivorship Curve
Plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age
89
Gross Production
Total primary production in an ecosystem
90
Net Primary Population
GPP - Ra GPP is gross production Ra is the energy used by primary producers for autotrophic respiration)
91
Primary Consumer
Herbivores that eat plants and other primary producers
92
Secondary Consumer
Carnivores that eat herbivores
93
Tertiary Consumer
Carnivore that eats other carnivores
94
Amensalism
When the interspecific interaction harms one species but doesn't help or harm the other
95
Aposematic (Warning) Coloration
Coloring warning of effective chemical defenses | poison dart frog
96
Character Displacement
Tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than allopatric populations of two species
97
Coevolution
The joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other
98
Commensalism
When the interspecific interaction benefits one species but neither harms nor helps the other
99
Community
A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact
100
Competition
When two species use the same resources and one succeeds in winning the resource, the other loses
101
Competitive Exclusion Principle
.When slight reproductive advantage eventually leads to the local elimination of the inferior competitor
102
Cryptic Coloration
Camoflage
103
Fundamental Niche
Niche that can potentially be occupied by a species
104
Interspecific Interaction
Interactions with individuals of different species | This includes: competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, facilitation
105
Keystone Species
Species not usually abundant in a community but is necessary for the community or it will fall apart
106
Mimicry
When one species mimics an unpalatable species in order to prevent predation, or when two unpalatable species look similar.
107
Mutualism
Interspecific interaction between organisms that benefits both species
108
Ecological Niche
The sum of a species' use of the abiotic and biotic resources in its environment
109
Parasitism
When one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishment from another organism, the host, which is harmed in the process
110
Predation
Where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
111
Realized Niche
Niche that an organism actually occupies | Smaller than the fundamental niche
112
Resource Partitioning
The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community
113
Symbiosis
When two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another
114
Anthropogenic Extinction
Extinctions due to human activity.
115
Background Extinction
The standard rate of extinction in earth's geological and biological history before humans became a primary contributor to extinctions
116
Ecosystem Services
All the processes through which natural ecosystems help sustain human life
117
Edge Effect
The changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats
118
Exotic (Introduced) Species
Species that humans accidentally or intentionally move from the species' native regions to new geographic locations
119
Habitat Island
.
120
Habitat Fragmentation
.
121
Island Biogeography
.
122
Redundancy
.
123
Species-Area Curve
All other factors being equal, the larger the geographic area of a community, the more species it has

BIOL 1009 (7 decks)

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