class 9.1 Flashcards
PATTERNS IN URBAN GHG EMISSIONS
Cities produce higher total emissions than rural or semi-rural areas.
Per capita emissions are lower in cities than in rural or semi-rural areas.
Reflects effects of population density and compactness in the built environment
variations in the greenhouse emissions are shaped by what?
social factors
economic factors
physical factors
relationship between population and emissions
positive
Most urban growth to 2050 will be where?
Africa and Asia
relationship between wealthier households (cities) and emissions
why?
positive
they require more energy
Countries with high urbanization (+75%) have low or high national incomes?
high national incomes
Countries with low urbanization (-35%) have low or high national incomes?
low national incomes
what happens to emissions when countries urbanize?
they usually increase
INDUSTRIAL BASE and energy demand
The presence of large manufacturing, construction, industrial production sectors increases energy demand.
Service sectors may also produce large emissions, but these require a different approach to emissions tracking.
LOCAL ENVIRONMENT and the demand for energy?
There are significant variations in energy demand for heating and cooling depending on the region
REGIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS
Differences in per capita emissions across Canada heavily driven by provincial energy systems.
Demonstrates dependence of urban emissions reductions on climate action from other levels of government
Energy demand from buildings drives about how much of global
emissions
20%
Embodied energy in buildings
Building materials and construction
Operational energy in buildings
Heating, cooling, lighting
High-density residential buildings have lower or higher embodied energy?
what about per capita emissions?
higher embodied energy
lower per capita emissions than low-density residential buildings
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Often the largest source of urban emissions, and one of the fastest growing sectors.
In cities the cause of this is obvious – car dependence.
Key mitigation goals for transportation system emissions
Vehicle electrification and reduction in Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT)
Urban expansion can happen in three ways:
- Outward – conversion of croplands, forests, etc. to urban land area
- Upward – multi-story buildings
- Inward – re-development of unused/underused lands
URBAN CLIMATE ACTION PLANNING OFTEN TAKES THE FORM OF WHAT?
STRATEGIC PLANNING
Climate action planning
the strategic planning process in which cities develop policies and programs of action to reduce their emissions and/or adapt to impacts of climate change
Two general approaches to climate action planning
- Stand-alone plans
- Integrating climate change into existing comprehensive development plans
CLIMATE ACTION PLANNING HAS MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS
- Identify and prioritize actions
- Create accountability
- Bring stakeholders together
- Inform the public
- Integrate climate change into other strategic areas
- Identify co-benefits to climate action
- Represent a city’s commitment on climate change
GHG emissions in montreal in 2015 compared to 1990
reduced by 25%
the main GHG emissions in Montreal come from where
natural gas from stationary sources sector and transportation
