Class Differences External Factors

Question 1

What is cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

Pupils lack the basic cultural equipment eg aspirations, motivation, language

Question 2

What is working class subculture?

Answer 2

Where working class attitudes differ to main stream society

Question 3

What did Sugarman say about working class subculture?

Answer 3

4 key barriers
Fatalism
Collectivism
Immediate gratification
Present time orientation

Question 4

How are these barriers passed down?

Answer 4

In primary socialisation
They exist as working class jobs have less structure

Question 5

What did Hubbs- Tait et al say about language

Answer 5

When parents use language to challenge their child, it improves intellectual and cognitive development

Question 6

What did Feinstien say about language?

Answer 6

More highly qualified parents (middle class) use better language and more praise which encourages them

Question 7

What is a criticism of language?

Answer 7

Troyna and Williams- the problem is not the child’s language but the schools attitude towards it

Question 8

Who talks about speech codes?

Answer 8

Bernstein

Question 9

What are the speech codes?

Answer 9

Restricted code
Elaborate code

Question 10

What is a criticism of speech codes?

Answer 10

Gaine and George
Exaggerate and oversimplify working class and middle class language differences

Question 11

Who speaks about parents education

Answer 11

Douglas

Question 12

What did Douglas say?

Answer 12

Working class placed less value on education
Less ambitious for their children
Less likely to visit schools
Middle class have different ways of using their income

Question 13

How can you tackle cultural deprivation?

Answer 13

Compensatory education

Question 14

What is compensatory education?

Answer 14

Aim to tackle cultural deprivation by providing resources to schools in deprived areas

Question 15

What is a criticism of compensatory education?

Answer 15

Insufficient resources
Halsey and Whitty argue they have little impact, as few resources have been allocated

Question 16

What are the criticisms of cultural deprivation?

Answer 16

Victim blaming- it blames working class for failure
Different, not deprived- Nell Keddie, failure at school can be blamed on a culturally deprived home back ground, it cannot be deprived on its own culture as they are culturally different

Question 17

What is material deprivation?

Answer 17

Refers to poverty and lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income

Question 18

What is apart of material deprivation?

Answer 18

Housing
Diet and health
Financial support and the costs of education
Fear of debt

Question 19

How does housing affect education?

Answer 19

Overcrowding- harder to study, disturbed sleep
Constant changing of school and disrupted education
Cold or damp housing = I’ll health

Question 20

Who said diet and health impacted education?

Answer 20

Marilyn Howard

Question 21

What did Marilyn Howard say?

Answer 21

Young people from poorer homes have lower intake of energy and vitamins
Weakens the immune system
Lead to more absences from school due to illness

Question 22

How does financial support and the cost of education impact education?

Answer 22

Children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance educational achievement

Question 23

What did David Bull say?

Answer 23

‘The costs of free schooling’
Transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, sports and equipment- Emily tanner, study in the Oxford area

Question 24

What is negative about this?

Answer 24

Children may had to have hand me downs or cheaper versions, they may have been isolated, stigmatised or bullied by peers

Question 25

What did Flaherty say about this?

Answer 25

The fear of stigmatisation may explain why 20% of those eligible for free school meals do not take them up

Question 26

How does fear of debt impact education?

Answer 26

Going to uni, books, living expenses
Attitudes towards debt may deter working class students from moving away, they go to local unis which don’t offer as good as opportunities

Question 27

Who came up with the three types of capital?

Answer 27

Boudieu

Question 28

What are the three types of capital?

Answer 28

Cultural
Educational
Economic

Question 29

What is capital?

Answer 29

Used to explain why the middle class are more successful

Question 30

What is cultural capital?

Answer 30

Knowledge, attitudes, language and abilities of middle class
More likely to develop intellectual interests
Middle class succeed off this as the school transmits dominant middle class culture

Question 31

What is educational and economic capital?

Answer 31

Middle class children are more likely to meet the demand of the school curriculum and gain qualifications
Middle class parents can trade their economic capital into private schools and extra tuition

Question 32

Who made the study of Coventry?

Answer 32

Leech and Campos

Question 33

What is the study?

Answer 33

Middle class parents are more likely to be able to afford a house in catchment area of a school placed in exam league tables
‘Selection by mortgage’

Question 34

A test of Bourdieus ideas?

Answer 34

Alice Sullivan
Questionnaire on 465 students
Test on reading, museums, tv viewing habits etc
Those who read complex fiction have a greater cultural capital
Greater cultural capital was middle class