Class (no 11) 12

Question 1

Acetocholine important for __

Important Receptors ___

Answer 1

Neurotransmitter important for pereferal motor activity

two important receptors: Nicotenic, Muscrenic

Question 2

Nicotenic Receptors are

Answer 2

Ionotropic

Question 3

Muscuringic

Answer 3

binds to receptor, sends G protien to do other things inc. opening a seperate ion chanel

Question 4

Cell bodies that generate acetroline pathways are in

Answer 4

ponds, midbrain, and baisal forbrain

Question 5

Lots of acetocoline maintains __

Answer 5

maintains normal cortical excitability

Question 6

Acetocholine when anestatised

Answer 6

decreased levels

Question 7

Acetocholine is involved in

Answer 7

selective attention, motavation, reward

Question 8

Acetocholine is active in

Answer 8

neuromuscular junction - where PNS stimilates activity

Question 9

motor unit

Answer 9

where neurons (alfa) activates mussles (is both neuron and mussle fiber where it actavates)

Question 10

motor units are medated by ____ and binds with ___

Answer 10

Acetocholine , Nicotenic receptors (in membrane of skelatal muscle)

Question 11

opening of ion chanels in motor unit causes

Answer 11

mussle contraction

Question 12

Reflux circiut

Answer 12

reflex - movments gnerated without cortical imput

alfa motor neurons - innnervate musles - recieve signal from spinal interneuron (in spinal cord)

Question 13

two pathways where information from brain desends to spinal cord and out

Answer 13

lateral cortical spinal tract
medial tract

Question 14

lateral cortical spinal tract

Answer 14

• fine motor movement, more distal lymbs
  projects contralaterally

Question 15

medial tract

Answer 15

walking, posture, standing, more procximal parts of lymbs and the trunk
is the extraperamital tracks
project not only contralaterally but also ipsolaterally

Question 16

cerebellum

Answer 16

from video - “makes movements smooth”

“little brain” 3/4 of neurons of the brain 1/10 of the space - smaller neurons

imputs from all over the brain - visual, proceptrive, vestibular, somatosensory, autory

two hemispheres
prjects ipsolaterally

Question 17

Functontal dividson of the cerebellum

Answer 17

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

Question 18

Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 18

balance, eye movement

Question 19

Spinocerebellum

Answer 19

smooth control of movement, coordination in walking, running

Lateral regions control more distal muscles, more medial regions control more proximal muscles

Question 20

Cerebrocerebellum

Answer 20

highly skilled movements (requiring sensorimotor learning)
writing and speaking

Question 21

Basala gangla

Answer 21

group of nucil

though to select what canadate plan of action is vs other alternitives

impotant in initation of action

Question 22

Dopamine

Answer 22

recepter subtypes (main)
D1 - excitatory
D2 - inhibitory

three differnt pathways in which can act
- Nigrostriatal system
- others involved in reward learning + motivation
• Useful for producing actions that have rewarding consequences!

Question 23

doubble inhibiton circult

Answer 23

lowers baceline level of activity
makes certine signal stand out (by disinhibiting it, or not inhibiting it)

Question 24

Nigrostriatal system

Answer 24

housed in substantra nigra - wheere cell bodies for DA activirt is highjlighted/housed
primartly in control of movement

Question 25

Basal gangla - orgnaization

Answer 25

organixation of different patheays green- exitory red - inhibitory

Question 26

How basal gangla influence cortical activity

Answer 26

two wats direct root indirect root

Question 27

direct root Does: activated by: Pathway: Cortical excitation:

Answer 27

facilate movement - alows for initation of movment activated by D1 receptors DOrsal striatum is activated - inhibits internal segment of globus palatas inhibatory done by gabergernic net level of higher cortical excitation

Question 28

substantia nigra sends \_\_

Answer 28

can send both excityory and inhibtory

Question 29

globus palatas internal segment normaly

Answer 29

(GPi) inhibits the thalamus

Question 30

Thalamus connections to the cortex are

Answer 30

excitatory

Question 31

indirect root does: activated by: pathway: cortical excitation:

Answer 31

in generally, supressing unwanted movments D2 receptors Normaly dorsal straitum (actavation) is inhibiting external segment of the GP and the GPe normaly inhibits the subthalamic nuclis (STN) subthalmic nucleis activates GPi (which inhibits the thalamus) net level of lower cortixal excitation

Question 32

Supplementary motor cortex areas: does:

Answer 32

supplementary motor area, supplementary eye field, presupplementary motor area help code motor plan

Question 33

motor plan

Answer 33

representation of intended movement general - what is goal of movement want to do specific - muscular control needed

Question 34

Information contained in motor plan

Answer 34

* Which effectors to use * Which order to use them * Direction and force of individual effectors * Timing between movements * Commands for motor neurons

Question 35

What are effectors

Answer 35

muscles, areas of body that move

Question 36

most activity in SMA

Answer 36

is leading up to action

Question 37

neuron in SMA sensitive to

Answer 37

order that things are done (Push pull vs pull push)

Question 38

Pre SMA order

Answer 38

(order) does not matter increased activity prior to third movement

Question 39

Mirror Neurons

Answer 39

Not only to doing action but to someone else doing that action. can be specific or broad - coding for intent of action (can fire even if not see)

Question 40

Anterior cingulate cortex where: implicated in:

Answer 40

(ACC) above CC implicated in motor activity, attention, and emotion motor - more activity in control and planning of new (untrained) movements selecting for movement among compeeting alternatives (clasic word vs color)

Question 41

Bimodal neurons in parietal cortex

Answer 41

proprioceptive, kinesthetic, somatosensory and visual info - modulate receptive fields

Question 42

damage to parietal regions

Answer 42

(dorso-dorsal stream) causes optic ataxia

Question 43

optic ataxia

Answer 43

imparments to reach and grasp baised on visual information

Question 44

Primary Motor Cortex Organization: Mapping:

Answer 44

M1 Parts of body with fine motor control are bigger Organized around specific body area for specific region distortion of size of region compared to size on body Mapping is upside down, more dorsal regions (lower parts of body) more ventral (face)

Question 45

Corticomotor neurons synapse directly onto

Answer 45

alpha motor neurons (instead of onto spinal interneurons)

Question 46

cortical motor neurons more responsive to

Answer 46

fine control, precision (pinch, small changes) (vs power gripping)

Question 47

each motor neuron cell has ____ (movement preferences)

Answer 47

different preferences for movement

Question 48

direction vector

Answer 48

combine activity of motor neurons: summation of direction moving towards Direction: cell’s preferred direction Length: firing rate of cell at a given moment

Question 49

population vector

Answer 49

summation of direction vector

Question 50

D1 is

Answer 50

excitatory

Question 51

D2 is

Answer 51

inhibitory

Question 52

basal ganglia uses ___ and acts on \_\_\_

Answer 52

uses double inhibiton circuit act on dopameane

Question 53

alfa motor neurons recceive preferfy imput from

Answer 53

muscle spindles

Question 54

Distance between represntaions in M1 is closely related to

Answer 54

how often (two fingers) are used togehter

Question 55

CM neurons are preferntal active durring ___ comapired to \_\_\_

Answer 55

Pinch, power grip

Question 56

SCn to the striatum is known as

Answer 56

the dopamine pathway

Question 57

GPi and SNr have __ baseline firing rates producing

Answer 57

high, strong tonic inhibition of the motor system by the inhibitory projection to the thalamus and superior coliculi

Question 58

basal gnaglia can act as a __ and play a critical role in the

Answer 58

gaitkeeper of cortical activity, initation of actions

Question 59

As a specitic motor plan gains strength the inhibitory signaling \_\_

Answer 59

is decresed for selective neurons.