Class: Out of school factors

Question 1

What are the 3 material factors?

Answer 1

• Housing
• Diet and health
• Finances

Question 2

What are the 4 cultural factors?

Answer 2

• Parental interest
• Attitude and Values
• Language
• Cultural Capital

Question 3

How can poor housing affect a child’s educational achievement?

Answer 3

It can lead to inadequate space for homework, overcrowding that hampers concentration, and increased likelihood of illness leading to higher school absence rates.

Question 4

How might schools and colleges help overcome the problems caused by poor housing?

Answer 4

By providing spaces for children to complete homework, such as homework clubs.

Question 5

How does poor nutrition affect health?

Answer 5

It weakens the immune system.

Question 6

What consequence does weakened health due to poor nutrition have on education?

Answer 6

It may result in more absence from school.

Question 7

What is one proposed solution for schools and colleges to help overcome poor nutrition issues?

Answer 7

Free school meals - This initiative aims to provide better nutritional support to children from low-income families

Question 8

What did Wilkinson (1996) find?

Answer 8

• children from poorer homes are more likely to face emotional or behavioural problems
• higher rates of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders

Question 9

What correlation did Jesson & Gray (1991) find regarding free school meals?

Answer 9

A correlation between free school meals and low GCSE grades

Question 10

What did Bernstein & Young discover about middle-class mothers?

Answer 10

Middle-class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys to encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development

Question 11

What argument does Tanner (2003) make regarding the cost of schooling?

Answer 11

Schooling is costly as parents have to pay for transport, uniform, equipment/resources for education, sports, or music equipment - financial burden

Question 12

What educational policy might help to overcome financial burdens related to schooling?

Answer 12

Offering bursaries - can provide financial support to students from low-income families

Question 13

What did Callender & Jackson (2005) find regarding WC students applying for university?

Answer 13

WC students were 5x less likely to apply compared to MC students.

Question 14

What did Reay (2005) discover about WC students’ university applications?

Answer 14

WC students were more likely to apply to local universities to save on finances by living at home and undertaking part-time work.

Question 15

What financial support is available to reduce the cost of university?

Answer 15

Bursaries are available to help reduce the cost of university.

Question 16

What does JWB Douglas argue is the main reason for WC children underachieving?

Answer 16

A lack of parental interest

Question 17

What type of study did Douglas conduct?

Answer 17

A longitudinal study of over 5000 British children

Question 18

What did Douglas find regarding MC parents’ aspirations for their children?

Answer 18

They were more likely to want their children to stay at school beyond the minimum leaving age

Question 19

What is one evaluation point regarding Douglas’s theory?

Answer 19

It is based on attendance at Parent’s Evening - Some WC parents might have to work shifts and they might feel uncomfortable in the MC school environment

Question 20

Who argued that the attitudes of WC and MC subcultures were linked to educational achievement?

Answer 20

Sugarman

Question 21

What type of jobs does Sugarman argue influence attitudes towards education?

Answer 21

Manual and non-manual jobs

Question 22

What is the term for investing time, energy, and money into training for future benefits?

Answer 22

delayed or deferred gratification

Question 23

What method did Sugarman use to gather data for his conclusions?

Answer 23

Questionnaires

Question 24

How many fourth year boys participated in Sugarman’s study?

Answer 24

540

Question 25

True or False: Sugarman's conclusions are fully representative of WC pupil behavior.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What do postmodernists believe about the relevance of class in attitudes?

Answer 26

Class is no longer a relevant issue

Question 27

What are the two types of speech codes identified by Basil Bernstein?

Answer 27

Elaborated and restricted speech codes

Question 28

What characterizes the restricted speech code?

Answer 28

Short, grammatically simple, often unfinished sentences

Question 29

How do middle class children typically use the elaborated speech code?

Answer 29

It explicitly verbalizes meanings, fills in details, and provides explanations

Question 30

What example did Bernstein use to illustrate his theory of language codes?

Answer 30

Two 5-year-old boys, one working class and one middle class - They were asked to describe a sequence of events in four pictures

Question 31

What was the outcome of the boys' descriptions using their respective speech codes?

Answer 31

The MC child described and analyzed relationships in detail - The WC child was limited in expression due to the restricted code

Question 32

How do different speech codes relate to educational achievement according to Bernstein?

Answer 32

Different codes can account for differences in educational achievement - Formal education uses elaborated code, disadvantaging WC children

Question 33

What critique does Bernstein acknowledge regarding his study's sample size?

Answer 33

He studied only two boys, which is a very small sample

Question 34

What does Pierre Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?

Answer 34

Cultural capital refers to the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes, and abilities of the middle class that can be exchanged for educational success.

Question 35

Why are middle class children more successful in education according to Bourdieu?

Answer 35

Middle class children have cultural capital, which equips them to meet the demands of school with the right language and values.

Question 36

What does Bourdieu suggest about the conversion of economic capital into educational success?

Answer 36

Middle class families can convert economic capital into educational advantages, such as sending their child to private school or paying for tutoring.

Question 37

What is the formula for educational success according to Bourdieu?

Answer 37

Economic capital + cultural capital = educational success.

Question 38

According to Keddie, why do working class children fail in the education system? (A03 of Cultural Capital)

Answer 38

Working class children fail because they are disadvantaged by an education system dominated by middle class values.