Which of the following binds with the nucleotide base termed A?
A. G
B. T
C. None
B. T
Which of the following would be a strong electrolyte? A. H2 B. C6H6 C. NaBr D. CH3Cl
C. NaBr
During intron splicing which of the follow is true?
A. The 3’ splice site is cleaved first then the 5’ splice site is cleaved
B. The 5’ splice site is cleave and intron splicing is complete
C. Small ribonuclearproteins bind on the 3’splice site and a lariat loop structure is formed
D. Small ribonuclearproteins bind on the 5’splice site and a lariat loop structure is formed
D. Small ribonuclearproteins bind on the 5’splice site and a lariat loop structure is formed
When 5’-ATGCGTTAG-3’ is transcribed the product is A. 3’-TACGCAATC-5’ B. 5’-TACGCAATC-3’ C. 5’-UACGCAAUC-3’ D. 3’-UACGCAAUC-5’
D. 3’-UACGCAAUC-5’
The reason introns must be removed from the tRNA is because
A. Introns form in the P arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
B. Introns form in the acceptor arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
C. Introns form in the D arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
D. Introns form in the anticodon arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
D. Introns form in the anticodon arm and will change the structure of the tRNA
An unknown species of bacteria was analyzed and its genome was sequenced. Its full genomic sequence was determined to have 15% A and 35% G. Given this information, what is true about the organism’s genome? A. The organism most likely has 35 % C B. The organism most likely has 85 % T C. none D. The organism most likely has 65 % C
A. The organism most likely has 35 % C
Which molecule would have the strongest tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other identical molecules? A. C2H6 B. CH4 C. NH3 D. H2
C. NH3
On a nucleotide the nitrogenous base is connected to the ribose sugar by which type of bond A. Hydrogen bond B. Glycosidic bond C. Ionic bond D. Peptide bond
B. Glycosidic bond
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a strong acid that will __________ when placed in water.
A. Leave some molecules of HCl behind and break off into H+ and Cl-
B. Partially dissociate
C. Be concerned that we are concerned about this question
D. Completely dissociate
D. Completely dissociate
Which of the following is a nonpolar amino acid? A. Leu B. None C. Cys D. Trp
A. Leu
Which of the following binds with the nucleotide base termed C? A. A B. U C. T D. G
D. G
When 5’-ATGCGTTAG-3’ is replicated the product is A. 3’-TACGCAATC-5’ B. 5’-UACGCAAUC-3’ C. 5’-TACGCAATC-3’ D. 3’-UACGCAAUC-5’
A. 3’-TACGCAATC-5’
The region of DNA where transcription is initiated is the A. Hairpin site B. Rho binding site C. Polly A tail D. Promotor binding site
D. Promotor binding site
All of the following except which are domains in the three domain tree of life. A. Bacteria B. Eukaryotes C. m. Euglena D. Archaea
C. m. Euglena
Amino acids can be all but which of the following? A. Nonpolar B. Ionic C. Polar D. Charged
B. Ionic
In replication, on the strand of DNA that is not continuously replicated
A. Is called the leading strand
B. Single stranded binding proteins do not bind
C. Is called the replication bubble
D. Fragments called Okazaki fragments are synthesized
D. Fragments called Okazaki fragments are synthesized
Which of the following binds with the nucleotide base termed T? A. C B. A C. None D. G
B. A
The following are types of intermolecular forces except A. Dipole-dipole forces B. Hydrogen bonding C. Helium bonding D. Ion-dipole forces
C. Helium bonding
Tertiary protein structure is determined by all of the following except A. Disulfide bonding B. Hydrophobic interactions C. Hydrogen bonding D. Phosphodiester bonding
D. Phosphodiester bonding
The majority of our ATP is made in the A. Endoplasmic Reticulum B. Lysosome C. Nucleus D. Mitochondria
D. Mitochondria
The amino acids are connected together by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to produce the primary proteins structure. A. Peptide bonds B. Hydrogen bonds C. Glycosidic bonds D. Carbon bonds
A. Peptide bonds
A silencer will A. Decrease transcription B. None C. Stimulate more replication bubbles D. Increase transcription
A. Decrease transcription
Which of the following is a polar amino acid? A. Val
B. Ser
C. Ile
D. Phe
B. Ser
The backbone of the DNA molecule is held together by which type of bond A. Phosphodiester bond B. Hydrogen bond C. Glycosidic bond D. Peptide bond
A. Phosphodiester bond
An enhancer will A. Increase transcription B. None C. Inhibit RNA polymerase binding D. Decrease transcription
A. Increase transcription
How many water molecules would be produced by connecting six individual amino acids to form a hexapeptide? A. 7 B. 6 C. 5 D. 3
C. 5
A buffer will \_\_\_\_\_ a pH change when an acid or base is added. A. Resist B. Decrease C. Encourage D. Increase
A. Resist
Which is the smallest of the 20 biologically active amino acids? A. Ala B. Phe C. Gly D. Lys
C. Gly
A strong electrolyte will A. Remain intact B. Cause itching C. Partially dissociate D. Dissociate completely
D. Dissociate completely
All are types of RNA except for which A. Lysosomal RNA B. Ribosomal RNA C. Transfer RNA D. Messenger RNA
A. Lysosomal RNA
Which is true about replication
A. There is only one point of replication initiation in eukaryotes
B. The leading strand is synthesized in a continuous fashion and the lagging strand is not
C. Topoisomerase unwinds the DNA
D. Primases lay down primers on the leading strand
B. The leading strand is synthesized in a continuous fashion and the lagging strand is not
A nucleotide is composed of all except A. Nitrogenous base B. Carboxyl group C. Phosphate group D. Ribose sugar
B. Carboxyl group
With respect to B-DNA the A-DNA will have
A. Less base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
B. Less base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
C. More base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
D. More base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
C. More base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
Which species of RNA is responsible for the transport of individual amino acids during protein synthesis? A. mRNA B. rRNA C. tRNA D. qRNA
C. tRNA
Two strands of DNA are held together by which type of force A. Peptide bond B. Hydrogen bond C. Glycosidic bond D. Phosphodiester bond
B. Hydrogen bond
DNA can be methylated anywhere but to affect gene transcription there are more methylation sites on the A. Polly A tail B. Gene C. Start codon D. Promoter
D. Promoter
The cellular compartment that moves completed proteins and lipids around in the cell is A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi apparatus D. Nucleus
C. Golgi apparatus
The central dogma of biology is
A. RNA is transcribed to DNA which is translated to protein
B. Protein is transcribed to RNA with is translated to DNA
C. DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein
D. RNA is transcribed to DNA which is translated to protein
C. DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein
Which of the following types of DNA is the most common A. B-DNA B. A-DNA C. C-DNA D. Z-DNA
A. B-DNA
The following are unique qualities of water except
A. Solid water is more dense than liquid water
B. Polar structure
C. High specific heat
D. Weak electrolyte
A. Solid water is more dense than liquid water
The inner membrane of the mitochondria is a folded up throughout the organelle because A. It provides torsional relief so proteins moving in the membrane do not get stuck
B. It results in smaller surface area so less energy is used to synthesize the membrane
C. It provides space for proteins to dock
D. It results in a greater surface area for ATP synthesis
D. It results in a greater surface area for ATP synthesis
With respect to B-DNA the Z-DNA will have
A. Less base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
B. More base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
C. More base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
D. Less base pairs per turn because it’s squished relative to the B-DNA
A. Less base pairs per turn because it’s stretched relative to the B-DNA
Which of the following require additional RNA processing A. tRNA B. mRNA C. All of the above D. rRNA
C. All of the above
What is the pOH of a 0.3 M solution of NaOH? A. 0.01 B. 0.52 C. 0.99 D. 0.82
B. 0.52
Eukaryotes have a specific sequence in there promoter which is A. ATG B. Multiple adenines in a row C. A TATA box D. A -35 and -10 site
C. A TATA box
The pyrimidines are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Thymine...Cytosine B. Cytosine...Guanine C. Thymine...Adenine D. Uracil....Adenine
A. Thymine…Cytosine
The organelle that is involved in protein digestion is the A. Microtubule B. Peroxisome C. Cytosol D. Lysosome
D. Lysosome
On the pH scale a pH between 0 – 6 is _____ and a pH between 8 – 9 is _______. A. Acidic…basic
B. Basic…acidic
C. Anionic…cationic
D. Cationic…anionic
A. Acidic…basic
At which pH would a buffer with a pKa of of 4.73 work well? A. 13.2 B. 3.76 C. 7.99 D. 0.22
B. 3.76
In proteins and lipids hydrophobic parts will bind with A. DNA B. Other hydrophilic parts C. Water D. Other hydrophobic parts
D. Other hydrophobic parts
Which type of enzyme would break a six carbon molecule into two three carbon molecules? A. Hydrolase B. Ligase C. Lyase D. Isomerase
D. Isomerase
Which type of enzyme typically breaks down a disaccaride A. Ligase B. Isomerase C. Hydrolase D. Transferase
C. Hydrolase
Water soluble vitamins are less toxic than fat soluble vitamins because
A. excess of the vitamin is not stored in the body as easily as fat soluable vitamins
B. excess of the vitamin is stored in the body while fat soluable vitamins are not stored in the body
C. it’s just what they do
D. there is no possible way to have excess of a water soluable vitamin in the body
A. excess of the vitamin is not stored in the body as easily as fat soluable vitamins
If the concentration of substrate increases from 1 molar to 2 molar and the rate of the reaction increases from 1 M/s to 4 M/s what is the order of the reaction? A. Third order B. Second order C. Zero order D. First order
B. Second order
An enzyme is primarily composed of A. Sugars B. Amino acids C. Phenyl rings D. Nucleic acids
B. Amino acids
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ enzymes do not obey Michaelis-Menton kinetics. A. Inactive B. Chiral C. Allosteric D. Hydrophobic
C. Allosteric
Cholecalciferol is which vitamin A. D2 B. B2 C. B3 D. D3
D. D3
An enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a reaction rate by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the activation energy. A. Increases...lowering B. Lowers...lowering C. Increases...increasing D. Lowers...increasing
A. Increases…lowering
All of the following are examples of cofactors except A. Minerals B. Vitamins C. Some metals D. Glucose
D. Glucose
Which kind of enzyme would be able to regulate another enzyme through the transfer of a phosphate group? A. Regulase B. Kinase C. Protease D. None
B. Kinase
Racemase and Epimerase are in which enzyme category? A. Hydrolase B. Ligase C. Transferase D. Isomerase
D. Isomerase
Phylloquinone is which vitamin? A. D2 B. K2 C. K1 D. D1
C. K1
Tocopherols are which vitamin? A. K B. A C. B D. E
D. E
Thiamine is which vitamin? A. B2 B. B4 C. B1 D. B3
C. B1
Kinases, Aminotransferases and Acytltransferases are all types of which enzyme class? A. Hydrolases B. Transfases C. Isomerases D. Oxidoreductases
B. Transfases
Ergocalciferol is which vitamin A. B2 B. D3 C. D2 D. B3
C. D2
If a client presents with bleeding diathesis which vitamin would you recommend? A. A B. D C. E D. K
D. K
Ascorbic acid is another name for which vitamin A. K B. E C. C D. B
C. C
Which of the following statements about enzymes or their function is true
A. Enzymes are proteins whose three-dimensional form is key to their function
B. Enzymes do not alter the overall change in free energy for a reaction
C. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy
D. All of these are true
D. All of these are true
An overdose of which vitamin can lead to muscle relaxation A. B2 B. B1 C. B4 D. B3
B. B1
Overdose of which vitamin leads to congestive heart failure? A. A B. E C. D D. K
B. E
Which type of enzyme adds a phosphate group from ATP to a molecule of fructose A. Lyase B. Transferase C. Isomerase D. Ligase
B. Transferase
Which type enzyme is responsible for joining the backbone of DNA? A. Lyase B. Ligase C. Hydrolase D. Isomerase
B. Ligase
If a client is presenting with rickets which vitamin would you recommend the client to take? A. C B. A C. B D. D
D. D
Which type of enzyme utilizes water to break bonds? A. Lyase B. Hydrolases C. Transferase D. Isomerase
B. Hydrolases
Increased absorption of calcium is linked to which vitamin? A. A B. D C. B2 D. C
B. D
Overdose of which vitamin will mask B12 deficiency? A. B7 B. B9 C. B5 D. B6
B. B9
An enzyme that catalyses the reduction of NAD+ to NADH of a substrate is which type of enzyme? A. Lyase B. Isomerase C. Oxidoreductase D. Trasferase
C. Oxidoreductase
Retinols are which type of vitamin A. Vitamin C B. Vitamin K C. Vitamin D D. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin A
All are true about ligases except A. They repair DNA breaks B. They create carbon-carbon bonds C. They add phosphate groups D. They require energy
C. They add phosphate groups
Which vitamin is a cofactor in collagen synthesis? A. A B. E C. C D. B
C. C
Question 35 Which vitamin is pantothenic acid A. B6 B. B5 C. B2 D. B3
B. B5
If a client presents with pellagra which vitamin would you recommend? A. B5 B. B2 C. B6 D. B3
D. B3
Which type of enzyme will move a double bond from one carbon to another carbon in a five carbon molecule? A. Ligase B. Lyase C. Isomerase D. Hydrolase
C. Isomerase
Oxygenases, dehydrogenases, peroxidases and hydrozylases are all examples of which type of enzyme? A. Hydrolases B. Isomerases C. Oxidoreductases D. Lyases
C. Oxidoreductases
Which vitamin enhances absorption of various metals such as, Mg, Fe and Ca? A. E B. A C. K D. D
D. D
Which type of enzyme typically breaks or forms carbon carbon bonds A. Oxidoreductases B. Hydrolase C. Isomerases D. Lyases
D. Lyases
Enzymes are able to catalyze highly specific reactions because
A. All enzymes are located on the surface of the cell membrane
B. All enzymes are proteins
C. None
D. Of the organization of their 3D structure and composition of their active sites
D. Of the organization of their 3D structure and composition of their active sites
If a patient is having vision issues, which is the best vitamin to recommend A. E B. B C. C D. A
D. A
Which vitamin is the only organometallic vitamin? A. B9 B. B12 C. B2 D. B5
B. B12
Vitamin A is a cofactor for which enzyme A. retinol oxidoreductase B. retinol lyase C. retinol dehydrogenase D. retinol kinase
C. retinol dehydrogenase
Which vitamin serves as a cofactor for flavoproteins? A. B2 B. B7 C. B3 D. B1
A. B2
The following are characteristics of enzymes except.
A. They lower the activation energy of a reaction
B. Their names end with ase
C. They act on a substrate
D. The increase activation energy of a reaction
D. The increase activation energy of a reaction
Which vitamin is riboflavin? A. B2 B. B4 C. B3 D. B7
A. B2
Which vitamin is required for synthesis of co-enzyme A? A. B5 B. B9 C. B7 D. B6
A. B5
What of the following vitamins are water soluble A. D B. C C. A D. K
B. C
Which if the following lipids are not part of the cell membrane? A. Phospholipids B. Cholesterol C. Triacylglycerols D. Glycolipids
C. Triacylglycerols
True or false passive transport dose not always require an integral membrane protein.
True
Which of the following would be least influenced by a mutation that deactivates cell membrane receptor proteins? A. B12 uptake B. Homeostasis C. Hormone signaling D. Diffusion
D. Diffusion
Which of the following membranes would be the most fluid?
A. One containing saturated, 18 carbon fatty acids
B. One containing saturated 16 carbon fatty acids
C. One containing polyunsaturated 18 carbon fatty acids
D. One containing polyunsaturated 16 carbon fatty acids
D. One containing polyunsaturated 16 carbon fatty acids
Which of the following is the most efficient energy storage molecule? A. triacylglycerols B. starch C. phospholipids D. glycogen
A. triacylglycerols
\_\_\_\_\_ requires \_\_\_ to cross a membrane A. Glycolysis...vitamin D B. Active diffusion...ATP C. ATP...passive diffusion D. Passive diffusion...ATP
B. Active diffusion…ATP
Which of the following is not a type of lipid anchor A. Thioester anchor B. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor C. Miristoyl achor D. Peptidoglycan anchor
D. Peptidoglycan anchor
Different blood types are the result of varying \_\_\_\_\_ bound to proteins on the surface of blood cells A. Polysaccharides B. Disaccharides C. Monosaccharides D. Oligosaccharides
D. Oligosaccharides
Phosphoacylglycerols contain
A. A fused ring skeleton
B. Long water-soluble carbon chains
C. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
D. None of these
E. A positively charged functional group at neutral pH
C. Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Which statement is correct in regards to simple sugars and amino acids?
A. Both are stored as fat molecules in the liver
B. Both are catabolism waste products
C. Both are needed for the synthesis of large biomolecules
D. Both are the building blocks of glycogen
C. Both are needed for the synthesis of large biomolecules
Molecules such as LDL and vitamin B12 are taken into the cell through a process called A. Diffusion B. Receptor mediated endocytosis C. Osmosis D. Channel funneling
B. Receptor mediated endocytosis
Complex vitamins are carried across the cell membrane by A. Receptors B. Channels C. Oligosaccharides D. Enzymes
A. Receptors
A lactose intolerant individual might have an easier time eating ____ compared to _____
B. Hard cheeses…yogurt
C. Ice cream…yogurt
D. Ice cream…half and half
A. Yogurt…ice cream
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the predominant disaccharide found in beer A. Maltose B. Lactose C. Sucrose D. Glucose
A. Maltose
Branched polysaccharides are linked by ___________, whereas linear polysaccharides are linked by _________.
A. Lipid anchors…1,6-glycosidic bonds
B. 1,6 glucosidic bonds…1,4-glucosidic bonds
C. 1,4-glucosidic bonds…lipid anchors
D. 1,4 –glucosidic bonds…1,6 – glucosidic bonds
B. 1,6 glucosidic bonds…1,4-glucosidic bonds
Which of the following are often attached to a cell membrane by a lipid anchor A. Peripheral proteins B. Hemiacetals C. Monosaccharide D. Integral proteins
A. Peripheral proteins
Which of the following is a storage polysaccharide made by mammals? A. Collagen B. Starch C. Cholesterol D. Glycogen
D. Glycogen
Simple sugars are A. Polyhydroxy nucleic acids B. Polyhydroxy ketones and aldehydes C. Polyhydroxy carboxylic acids and phenols D. Polyhydroxy ketones and phenols
B. Polyhydroxy ketones and aldehydes
Ca2+ channels are essential for A. pH buffering B. Iron absorption C. Vitamin D synthesis D. Signal transduction
D. Signal transduction
The feature that distinguishes phospholipids from triacylglycerols is which of the following A. glycerols B. aldehydes C. keytones D. phosphates
D. phosphates
Lactose is made up of which monosaccharides? A. Glucose and Fructose B. Glucose and Glucose C. Glucose and Mannose D. Glucose and Galactose
D. Glucose and Galactose
The process of active transport requires direct use of A. ATP B. Glucose C. Amino acids D. Carbon dioxide
A. ATP
Cholesterol is the precursor of A. Fatty acids B. B vitamins C. None of these D. Steroid hormones
D. Steroid hormones
The sodium potassium pump is a/an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transporter that imports \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sodiums and exports \_\_\_\_\_\_\_potassiums A. active...3...2 B. passive...3...2 C. active...2...3 D. passive...2...3
A. active…3…2
Humans cannot digest cellulose, but livestock such as cows can. Where do livestock get this ability?
A. Livestock ingest plants but gain no nutrition from them
B. Livestock have a gene that encodes for a cellulase
C. Bacteria present in the gut microbiome of livestock produce cellulase
D. Livestock have multiple and more acidic stomachs than humans
C. Bacteria present in the gut microbiome of livestock produce cellulase
Which of the following statements about cellular membranes is FALSE?
A. Membrane proteins are classified as integral or peripheral
B. Membranes are composed of lipids and proteins
C. Membranes are frozen, non-moving structures
D. Material can move through the membrane through active transport, facilitated transport or diffusion
C. Membranes are frozen, non-moving structures
Which of the following is the most efficient form of energy storage for humans A. Triglycerides B. Starch C. Glycogen D. Galactose
A. Triglycerides
All of the following are polysaccharides except A. Peptidoglycan B. Cellulose C. Chitin D. Cellobiose
D. Cellobiose
All of the following describe disaccharides except
A. They are linked together by peptide bonds
B. They are cleaved by hydrolases
C. They are composed of two monosccharides
D. They are linked together by glycosidic bonds
A. They are linked together by peptide bonds
\_\_\_\_\_ is a major polysaccharide composing cell walls and is a polymer of repeating \_\_\_\_\_ monomers A. Starch... Lactose B. Cellulase.....glycogen C. Glycogen..... Glucose D. Cellulose......glucose
D. Cellulose……glucose
Maltose is made up of which monosaccharides? A. glucose and galactose B. glucose and fructose C. glucose and glucose D. glucose and mannose
C. glucose and glucose
Soluble fiber is a _____________ and it can__________ and regulate absorption of____________.
A. oligosaccharide…lowers cholesterol…glucose
B. polysaccharide…lowers cholesterol…glucose
C. polysaccharide…raises cholesterol…glucose
D. polysaccharide…lowers cholesterol…sucrose
B. polysaccharide…lowers cholesterol…glucose
Various functional roles of oligosaccharides include A. Cell adhesion B. All of these C. Cell surface receptors D. Cell recognition
B. All of these
Sucrose is made up of which monosaccharides? A. glucose and galactose B. glucose and mannose C. glucose and fructose D. glucose and glucose
C. glucose and fructose
Glucose is generally transported into the cell by a/an\_\_\_\_\_\_ transport protein. A. voltage B. active C. passive D. gated
C. passive
Receptors are a specialized membrane protein that can have two modes of action A. True
B. False
A. True
Which of the following is an enzyme that will break down starches A. Glycogenase B. Starchase C. Kinase D. Amylase
D. Amylase
True or false there is only one type of glucose transporter in the human body.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Margarine has a lower melting point than butter because it has which type of fatty acids? A. unsaturated fatty acids B. saturated fatty acids C. phospholipids D. cholesterol
A. unsaturated fatty acids
Oligosaccharides attached to proteins are called A. Galactosides B. Kinases C. Glycolipids D. Glycoproteins
D. Glycoproteins
Glucose can be transported in to the cell by either a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transport protein. A. symport...carport B. uniport...symport C. uniport...antiport D. antiport...symport
B. uniport…symport
A reducing sugar A. Is itself oxidized B. All of these C. Will reduce something D. Has a free aldehyde/hemiacetal
B. All of these
Which of the following is the most abundant biologically active monosaccharide A. L-lactose B. D-glucose C. L-glucose D. D-lactose
B. D-glucose
The major purpose for carbohydrates in biological organisms is
A. Both energy storage and structural framework
B. Structural framework
C. Energy storage
D. None of these
A. Both energy storage and structural framework
Which of the following are the electron carriers A. NAD+ and FADH+ B. NADH and NADPH C. FADPH2 and FADH2 D. NADH and FADH2
D. NADH and FADH2
Which of the following reactions generate ATP?
A. 6-phosphogluconate -> ribulose 5-phosphate
B. glucose 6-phosphate
C. Ribulose 5-phosphate -> xylose 5-phosphate
D. none of these
D. none of these
If a lot of citrate is around then _________ is negatively regulated and _______is positively regulated
A. glycolysis…gluconeogenesis
B. gluconeogenesis…glycolysis
A. glycolysis…gluconeogenesis
In glycolysis how many NADHs are made? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
C. 2
Which of the following requires ATP before entering glycolysis?
A. Fructose
B. Galactose
A. Fructose
In glycolysis \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_molecule of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is converted to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ molecule(s) of\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. one...glucose...one...pyruvate B. one...pyruvate...two...glucose C. one...pyruvate...one...glucose D. one...glucose...two...pyruvate
D. one…glucose…two…pyruvate
In glycolysis the enzymes that are responsible for generating or using ATP are A. mutases
B. dehydrogenases
C. isomerases
D. kinases
D. kinases
In glycolysis a ___ carbon molecule is converted to ____ ____ carbon molecules A. 3…2…6
B. 3…6…2
C. 6…3…2
D. 6…2…3
D. 6…2…3
Fructose can enter glycolysis as A. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate B. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate C. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate D. glucose 6-phosphate
B. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
The following reactions are ones that generate NADH except A. Succinate -> Fumerate B. Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA C. Isocitrate ->a-ketogluterate D. Malate ->Oxaloacetate
A. Succinate -> Fumerate
Which step in the TCA cycle produces ATP A. Succinyl CoA -> succinate B. Citrate to Isocitrate C. a-ketogluterate -> Succinyl CoA D. Succinate -> Fumerate
A. Succinyl CoA -> succinate
If no or minimal glucose is present which pathway is responsible for generating it?
A. gluconeogenesis
B. TCA cycle
C. glycolysis
A. gluconeogenesis
Deficiencies in the enzymes of which pathway tend to lead to neurological disorders. A. Electron transport chain B. Pentose phosphate C. Glycolysis D. TCA cycle
D. TCA cycle
The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is A. NADH B. O2 C. NADPH D. FADH2
B. O2
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction where the product is a precursor for heme biosynthesis? A. citrate synthase B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase C. isocitrate dehydrogenase D. Fumerate
B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
The electron from NADH is donated to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. Protein 1 B. Protein II C. Cty c D. Protein IV
A. Protein 1
In gluconeogenesis which is true A. glucose is converted to fructose B. pyruvate is converted to glucose C. pyruvate is converted to galactose D. glucose is converted to pyruvate
B. pyruvate is converted to glucose
Which enzyme is inhibited by excess succinyl CoA? A. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase B. succinyl CoA synthetase C. succinate dehydrogenase D. isocitrate dehydrogenase
A. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase
All of the following enzymes are regulated in glycolysis except A. pyruvate kinase B. hexokinase C. phosphoglycerate kinase D. phosphofructokinase
C. phosphoglycerate kinase
Which of the following pathways lead to the majority of the ATP made by a cell?
A. Glycolysis
B. Electron transport chain
C. TCA cycle
B. Electron transport chain
Where does galactose enter glycolysis and which enzyme facilitates this?
A. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose after conversion from glucose 1-phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
B. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucoisomerase
C. Galactose enters glycolysis as fructose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
D. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
D. Galactose enters glycolysis as glucose 6-phosphate after conversion from glucose 1- phosphate by phosphoglucomutase
In glycolysis how many ATP are made? A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 6
B. 4
The nonoxidative phase is composed of irreversible reactions
A. True
B. False
B. False
If an enzyme in a pathway is negatively regulated then the pathway is _________.
A. on
B. stopped
C. sped up
B. stopped
Which enzyme catalyses the reaction where the product is a precursor for sterols? A. citrate synthase B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase C. isocitrate dehydrogenase D. succinyl CoA synthase
A. citrate synthase
The proton motive force drives A. ATP synthesis B. NADPH synthesis C. FADH2 synthesis D. NADH synthesis
A. ATP synthesis
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? A. cytosol B. inner membrane of mitochondria C. nucleus D. inner membrane of the cell
A. cytosol
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction where the product is a precursor for glutamate? A. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase B. citrate synthase C. isocitrate dehydrogenase D. malate dehydrogenase
C. isocitrate dehydrogenase
If the presence of large amounts of AMP is a sign of starvation then regulatory enzymes in _______will be negatively regulated and regulatory enzymes in ______will be stimulated.
A. gluconeogenesis…glycolysis
B. glycolysis…gluconeogenesis
A. gluconeogenesis…glycolysis
In glycolysis energy in the form of ATP is made when A. a phosphate group is added B. a hydroxyl group is removed C. a hydroxyl group is added D. a phosphate group is removed
D. a phosphate group is removed
Which step of the TCA cycle produces FADH2 A. Malate -> Oxaloacetate B. Succinate -> Fumerate C. Citrate -> Isocitrate D. Succinyl CoA -> Succinate
B. Succinate -> Fumerate
In glycolysis how many ATP are used? A. 4 B. 0 C. 2 D. 1
C. 2
Which of the following reactions is only present in gluconeogenesis and not in glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate
B. phosphoenolpyruvate -> 2-phosphoglycerate
C. fructose 1,6-biphophate -> fructose 6-phosphate
D. 3-phosphoglycerate -> 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
A. Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate
The electron from FADH2 is donated to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. Protein I B. Protein II C. Protein IV D. Cytc
B. Protein II
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction where the product can be used in aspartate biosynthesis? A. malate dehydrogenase B. a-ketogluterate dehydrogenase C. citrate synthase D. isocitrate dehydrogenase
A. malate dehydrogenase
Which enzyme is responsible for trapping glucose in to the cell? A. Hexokinase B. Phosphofructokinase C. Pyruvate kinase D. Phosphoglycerate kinase
A. Hexokinase
One of the main purposes of the electron transport chain in humans is to A. generate a sodium gradient B. generate a calcium gradient C. generate an electron gradient D. generate a proton gradient
D. generate a proton gradient
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is positively regulated by\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which initiates the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. pyruvate...pentose phosphate pathway B. pyruvate...glycolysis C. pyruvate...TCA cycle D. pyruvate...gluconeogenesis
C. pyruvate…TCA cycle
Which of the following is an irreversible step in glycolysis?
A. 3-phosphogylcerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate
B. 2-phosphoglycerate -> phosphoenolpyruvate
C. glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate
D. glucose 6-phosphate -> fructose 6-phosphate
C. glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate
The oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is composed of bidirectional reactions.
A. True
B. False
B. False
High amounts of ATP will inhibit which of the following enzymes A. fructose 1,6 bisphosphate B. phosphofructokinase C. pyruvate carboxylase D. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
B. phosphofructokinase
The _______ and the _______ pathways share many of the same steps and they are driven in opposite directions
A. glycolysis…gluconeogenesis
B. glycolysis…TCA cycle
C. gluconeogenesis…electron chain transport
D. gluconeogenesis…TCA cycle
A. glycolysis…gluconeogenesis
Through gluconeogenesis all but which of the following can be converted to glucose A. glycerol B. lactate C. amino acids D. succinate
D. succinate
In glycolysis energy must be\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_before it is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ A. used...balanced B. generated...used C. used...generated D. balanced...used
C. used…generated
How many ATP are generated from the TCA cycle A. 1 B. 2 C. 0 D. 4
B. 2
When lactate enters gluconeogenesis how many ATPs and GTPs are consumed? A. 2 ATP and 2 GTP B. 4 ATP and 0 GTP C. 4 ATP and 4 GTP D. 4 ATP and 2 GTP
D. 4 ATP and 2 GTP
Pyruvate is fed directly into the TCA cycle
A. True
B. False
B. False
The main function of the pentose phosphate pathway is to generate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. NADPH...ribose sugars B. FADPH2...ribose sugars C. FADH2...ribose sugars D. NADH...ribose sugars
A. NADPH…ribose sugars
When glycerol enters gluconeogenesis how many ATP and GTP are consumed? A. 2 ATP and 2 GTP B. 0 ATP and 0 GTP C. 2 ATP and 4 GTP D. 4 ATP and 2 GTP
B. 0 ATP and 0 GTP
In glycolysis how many net ATP are produced? A. 4 B. 1 C. 0 D. 2
D. 2
Amino acids can be grouped into \_\_\_\_ biosynthetic families. A. 4 B. 6 C. 12 D. 20
B. 6
Tetrahydrofolate, a derivative of vitamin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is a coenzyme essential for the synthesis of many amino acids. A. B6 B. D C. B12 D. B9
D. B9
Fatty acid oxidation results in generation of all of the following except A. ATP B. NADH C. FADH2 D. Acetyl CoA
A. ATP
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 3, "Cognitive Impairment, Genomic Instability and Trace Elements", which of the following transition metals is an essential micronutrient that becomes toxic when levels are too high? A. Copper B. Mercury C. Gold D. Uranium
A. Copper
Which part of the broken down triacylglycerols feeds into glycolysis and gluconeogenesis? A. pyruvate B. acetyl CoA C. glycerol D. fatty acids
C. glycerol
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 5, "Linking diet to acne metabolomics", which of the following was found to suppress the activity of the metabolic transcription factor forkhead box O1 (FoxO1)? A. sellenium B. Insulin C. oleic acid D. zinc
B. Insulin
Which of the following is a stage of lipid degradation? A. phospholysis B. Lipolysis C. beta reduction D. alpha reduction
B. Lipolysis
Where in the cell are fatty acids transported for oxidation? A. nucleus B. mitochondria C. lysosome D. endoplasmic reticulum
B. mitochondria
Lipolysis is which stage of fatty acid degradation? A. Stage 2 B. Stage 4 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 1
D. Stage 1
Fatty acids enter the TCA cycle as A. isocitrate B. acetyl CoA C. citrate D. pyruvate
B. acetyl CoA
In fatty acid synthesis how is acetyl CoA transferred to its final destination? A. as acyl CoA B. as citrate C. as succnyl CoA D. as isocitrate
B. as citrate
In fatty acid oxidation there are __________ steps, _____step and _______step
A. 2 thiolysis…1 oxidation…1 hydration
B. 2 hydration…1 oxidation…1 thiolysis
C. 2 oxidation…1 hydration…1 thiolysis
D. 2 oxidation…2 hydration…1 thiolysis
C. 2 oxidation…1 hydration…1 thiolysis
Acyl-CoA is created when a \_\_\_\_\_ bond formed between the fatty acid carbonyl and the thiol group of Coenzyme A (CoA-SH), and is catalyzed by\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. thioester....methylmalonyl CoA mutase B. sulfonyl....methylmalonyl CoA mutase C. peptide......acyl-CoA synthetase D. thioester.....acyl-CoA synthetase
D. thioester…..acyl-CoA synthetase
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 5, "Linking diet to acne metabolomics", the author states that nutrition therapy of acne has to increase \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. FoxO1 B. nitrogenase complex C. fatty acid degradation D. lipolysis
A. FoxO1
Ammonium is incorporated into amino acids through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. homocysteine......methionine B. glutamate....aspartate C. malonyl CoA....succinyl CoA D. glutamate.....glutamine
D. glutamate…..glutamine
During amino acid degradation, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is oxidatively deaminated to form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. alpha acids....ketone bodies B. pyruvate....oxaloacetate C. alginate.....ammonia D. glutamate...ammonium ion
D. glutamate…ammonium ion
Ketone bodies are synthesized in the A. adipose tissues B. gall blader C. liver D. pancreas
C. liver
It takes \_\_\_\_ molecules of ATP to synthesize \_\_\_ urea molecule. A. 1.....4 B. 2.....1 C. 4.....1 D. 4....2
C. 4…..1
Which amino acid is the precursor to glycine and cysteine? A. alanine B. serine C. methionine D. threonine
B. serine
For humans, \_\_\_\_ amino acids are "essential, or cannot be synthesized and must be acquired through the diet. A. 11 B. 10 C. 20 D. 6
A. 11
Serine and threonine are two amino acids that can be directly deaminated by an enzyme called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. dehydratase B. decarboxylase C. deaminase D. dehydrolyse
A. dehydratase
The glucose-alanine cycle allows for alanine to be converted to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which can then enter \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. NADPH......electron transport chain B. pyruvate.....gluconeogenesis C. glucose....fatty acid synthesis D. fructose....glycolysis
B. pyruvate…..gluconeogenesis
Which molecule will generate the most ATP A. d-3-hydroxybuterate
B. glucose
C. acetone
D. triacylglycerol
D. triacylglycerol
Typically fatty acids are degraded in \_\_\_\_\_\_ and glycerol is modified in \_\_\_\_\_\_ A. tissues...liver cells B. liver cells...pancreatic cells C. liver cells...tissues D. tissues...pancreatic cells
A. tissues…liver cells
Lipolysis can be triggered by
A. Hormones binding to the HS lipid receptor
B. hormones binding to the glycerol receptor
C. Hormones binding to the glucose receptor
D. Hormones binding to the 7TM receptor
D. Hormones binding to the 7TM receptor
Amino acid degradation occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. brain B. kidneys C. liver D. spleen
C. liver
If a fatty acid has 13 carbons where in the TCA cycle will it be fed in? A. isocitrate B. citrate C. acetyl-CoA D. succinyl-CoA
D. succinyl-CoA
Fatty acids are broken down into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ which is then processed in the Citric Acid Cycle. A. methylmalonyl CoA B. Acetyl CoA C. glucose D. bile salts
B. Acetyl CoA
The enzyme responsible for breaking down triacylglycerol to glycerol and fatty acids is A. lipase B. glycerase C. phospholipase D. acylase
A. lipase
Fatty acid oxidation occurs A. 2 carbons at a time B. 1 carbon at a time C. 4 carbons at a time D. 3 carbons at a time
A. 2 carbons at a time
What is a complicating factor in lipid digestion
A. the number of double bonds in the lipid structure
B. hydrophilicity of the lipid structure
C. The number of carbons present in the lipids structure
D. hydrophobicity of the lipids structure
D. hydrophobicity of the lipids structure
All aminotransferases contain a prosthetic group derived from vitamin \_\_\_. A. B9 B. B2 C. B6 D. B12
C. B6
Where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis occur? A. nucleus B. plasma membrane C. mitochondria D. cytosol
D. cytosol
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 2, "Obesity", what does the term SNP stand for? A. serious nucleotide polymorphism B. second nutritional protocol C. single nucleotide polymorphism D. single nucleophillic polypeptide
C. single nucleotide polymorphism
In the Nutrigenomic paper # 4, "Dairy nutrients and their effect on the inflammatory profile in molecular studies", a review of current literature found that the protein and amino acid composition of dairy products may have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ action. A. anti-inflammatory B. nutrigenomic C. polymorphic D. anti-microbial
A. anti-inflammatory
In the Nutrigenomics paper # 3, "Cognitive Impairment, Genomic Instability and Trace Elements", which of the following trace metals was found to prevent oxidative damage of genetic material? A. Zinc B. Cobalt C. Tellurium D. Silver
A. Zinc
If a fatty acid has 14 carbons where in the TCA cycle will it be fed into A. acetyl-CoA B. succinyl-CoA C. citrate D. isocitrate
A. acetyl-CoA
Conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ dependent reaction. A. vitamin B12 B. FADPH C. vitamin B6 D. vitamin D
A. vitamin B12
Phenylketonuria is a disorder resulting from the absence of the enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. phenylalanine dehydroxylase B. ornithine transcarbamoylase C. argininosuccinate synthetase D. phenylalanine synthetase
A. phenylalanine dehydroxylase
The ammonium ion is often converted to \_\_\_\_\_\_ for excretion. A. alpha-ketoglutarate B. glutamate C. urea D. pyruvate
C. urea
Nitrogen fixation is done by bacteria and archaea that use a complex called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ complex. A. nitrogenase B. fixation C. reduction D. hydrogenase
A. nitrogenase
Is the author of Nutrigenomics paper # 1, “Dietary Patterns, Genes and Health”, in support of the potential benefits of using genetic back-ground to design a personalized dietary approach for the prevention of chronic disease?
A. no
B. not applicable to focus of paper
C. yes
C. yes
Within the nitrogenase complex, the reductase subunit utilizes a ________ and the nitrogenase subunit utilizes a _______.
A. proton gradient…..4Fe - 4S cluster
B. 4Fe - 4S cluster………proton gradient
C. Fe-Mo cofactor……4Fe - 4S cluster
D. 4Fe - 4S cluster……..FeMo cofactor
D. 4Fe - 4S cluster……..FeMo cofactor
Which of the following is a solely ketogenic amino acid? A. tyrosine B. lysine C. aspartate D. glycine
B. lysine
Glycerol enters glycolysis and/or gluconeogenesis as A. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate B. glucose 6-phosphate C. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate D. 1,3 bisphophoglycerate
A. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Where does fatty acid degradation take place? A. plasma membrane B. cytosol C. nucleus D. mitochondria
D. mitochondria
Ornithine and citruline are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. amino acids B. fatty acids C. nucleic acids D. sugars
A. amino acids
Some \_\_\_\_\_\_ amino acids are deaminated by peripheral tissues then transported to the liver. A. aromatic B. nonpolar C. branched chain D. polar
C. branched chain
Acyl CoA can cross both membranes of the mitochondria
A. True
B. False
B. False
Acyl carnitine can cross the mitochondrial membrane towards the cytosol as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and it is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that does this A. carnitine...translocase B. acyl carnitine...translocase C. translocase...acyl carnitine D. translocase....carnitine
A. carnitine…translocase
