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Biomechanics Year 1 > Class test 2 > Flashcards

Class test 2 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Describe Newton’s first law

A

“if no external forces are applied on an object then it will remain still or constant until a force is applied”

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2
Q

What would happen to the horizontal component if there was no air resistance or drag force?

A

The horizontal component would always remain the same

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3
Q

What happens to the vertical component of velocity during a jump?

A

Gravity will act greatest when you are at the highest point of a jump. This means where the jump is highest there will be smallest vertical component. where the jump is at its lowest point the vertical component will be greatest

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4
Q

Describe Newton’s Second law

A

The rate of acceleration of an object is proportionate to the force acting on it- the greater the force applied the greater an object’s acceleration and the further it will travel

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5
Q

What happens to the acceleration with changing the weight of an object?

A

The heavier the object, the more force you will need to apply to get an object to accelerate

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6
Q

Give the equation for force

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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7
Q

Give the equation for acceleration

A

Acceleration = force / mass

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8
Q

Describe Newton’s Third law

A

The law of action reaction. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

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9
Q

Why don’t forces cancel out?

A

Because there are two objects and the forces are being applied to different objects rather than just one individual object

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10
Q

Give an example of Newton’s Third Law

A

When you are sprinting out of the running blocks and you push back in the blocks so that you are forced forwards in the run

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11
Q

Is there a greater force between particles when they are closer or futher away?

A

When objects are closer together there is a greater attractive force

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12
Q

Define inertia

A

The resistance of a body or object to a change movement. This could be to move an object from still or stop an object moving

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13
Q

Do heavier or lighter objects have greater inertia?

A

Heavier objects because it requires more force to get the object to move or stop

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14
Q

Describe external forces

A

The forces acting on objects because of an interaction between object and environment

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15
Q

Give 2 types of external forces

A
  1. Contact

2. Non-contact

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16
Q

Define external contact forces

A

This occurs when the objects are in contact with either fluid forces (water and air resistance) or reaction forces (ground reaction)

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17
Q

Define external non-contact forces

A

This occurs when there is a force occurring even if the objects aren’t touching (like gravity or magnetic forces)

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18
Q

Define internal forces

A

forces that act within the object or system

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19
Q

Can internal forces accelerate a body?

A

No

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20
Q

What external forces could affect a long distance runner?

A
  1. Weight pointing downwards from the centre of mass
  2. Reaction force from the ground upwards
  3. Air resistance pulling him back
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21
Q

Weight, reaction force and air resistance are examples of…

A

External forces

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22
Q

Give 4 proproties all forces have

A
  1. Magnitude- how much force is applied
  2. Direction- where the force will be directed (by arrow)
  3. point of application- where the force is being applied to the object or person (system)
  4. Line of action
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23
Q

Give 2 things that kinetic (force data) could be used for?

A
  1. Performance enhancement

2. Injury prevention

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24
Q

How do force plates work and what are they used for?

A

They are measuring scales that are situated in the ground. the force they detect is converted into an electrical signal

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25
What do force plates measure?
The whole body forces that are generated when the body is contacted with the ground
26
Describe the posterior shear and give an example
The breaking force. it could be seen when you push downwards which slows you down
27
Describe the anterior shear
This is when you push upwards and forwards to propel yourself
28
What is a concentric force?
When the force's line of action passes through the centre of gravity of an object
29
Will a concentric force cause a change in motion?
It will cause a change in linear motion but not angular motion
30
Give an example of a concentric force.
Gravity
31
What is an eccentric force?
When a forces line of action does not pass through the centre of gravity of an object.
32
Will an eccentric force cause a change in motion?
Yes an eccentric force will cause a change in linear and angular motion
33
Describe force couples
Forces that are equal, oppositely directed and parallel
34
What kind of motion comes with a force couple?
Rotation
35
Give an example of a force couple
Rotating to open a bottle lid
36
How do you add scalars?
You need to add the amounts/numbers in the equation
37
Give the steps for adding vectors
1. Draw the first arrow 2. then draw the second arrow (tai) starting at the point of the previous arrow 3. The resultant (the final amount) will be when you connect the tail of the first vector to the head of the second vector
38
What do free body diagrams show?
The external forces acting on an object?
39
What are the forces in a free body diagram draw as?
They are draw as vector and represented as arrows. the size and direction is shown by the size and where the arrow is pointing
40
What is the name of the journey a human body follows when moving through the air?
Parabolic Path
41
What does the centre of mass follow?
The exact same path of movement as the body, no matter what you do in the air?
42
How could you maximise performance when doing a jump and reach test?
1. Jump with only one hand in the air 2. When you start your jump at the ground bend your knees 3. When you are in the air jump with straight legs
43
What is equilibrium?
The state of a system that is not changing its speed or direction
44
What is it known as when equilibrium can exist for a body at rest?
Static equilibrium
45
What is it known as when equilibrium can exist for a body that is moving but at an unchanging speed or direction?
Dynamic equilibrium
46
Name the three types of equilibrium a body can have
1. Stable 2. Unstable 3. Neutral
47
Describe stable equilibrium
This is when if a small movement or force was applied to an object, then the object will usually return to its original position.
48
Describe unstable equilibrium
This is when if a small movement or force was applied to an object then the object would accelerate away from its original position
49
Describe neutral equilibrium
This is when if a small movement or force was applied to an object it would neither accelerate away or return to its original state
50
What two factors is the base of support crucial for?
1. Balance | 2. Stability
51
Rank the following in terms of size of base of support (smallest to biggest) - ice skating - wrestling - American football
1. Ice Skating 2. American Football 3. Wresting
52
Give three factors that affect your balance
1. Height of centre of gravity- the lower the centre of gravity the more stable an object 2. Location of centre of gravity- the more centre the centre of gravity the more stable 3. Mass of the object/person- the heavier the mass the more stable
53
Give 2 examples of when you should move to the perimeter (edge) of base of support?
1. When you are preparing to move | 2. When you are expecting an external impact
54
Describe why you should move the centre of gravity close to the edge for preparing to move?
Because this will disrupt the equilibrium and begin motion with as little time or effort as possible
55
Describe why you should move the centre of gravity close to the edge for expecting an external impact?
Because to make you more stable you should move your body towards the expected direction of the coming impact as pushing in this direction makes you stronger
56
What is momentum?
The quantity of motion possessed by a body
57
What is the equation for momentum?
Momentum=mass x velocity
58
What letter is shown for momentum?
L
59
When a body moves fast, does it have more or less momentum?
Has more momentum
60
The larger a body, does it have less or more momentum?
A larger body has less momentum
61
When will total momentum not be balanced?
If unbalanced external forces act on the system
62
In a high jump what does counter movement increase?
The vertical range of motion so the athlete has more time to apply force
63
How can impulse be increased?
1. Increase time 2. Increase force 3. increase time and force
64
What does swinging your arms upwards increase?
Body momentum
65
What is the equation for impulse?
Impulse = force x time
66
What does a change to an object's momentum/motion rely on?
the magnitude of the forces acting on an object and the time over which the force acts
67
What is the unit for impulse?
Newton seconds
68
How can force be decreased?
Spread the force over a longer period of time
69
Give examples of force being decreased?
1. Bend your knees when you land | 2. Bend knees and elbow when you catch
70
Why do you decrease force?
To reduce the risk of injuries

Biomechanics Year 1 (4 decks)

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