Classical Art Study Guide Notes Flashcards

Question

SCULPTURE Classical Period | Bronze Sculpture

Answer 1

lighter than marble, allows for a variety of poses, statues show movement Zeus of Artemesium Charioteer of Delphi Doryphorus (Spear-Bearer) – by Polyclitus, survives only in marble copies, stands in contrapposto position, represented the ideal proportions of the human body. Polyclitus wrote a book on this subject called the Canon. Discobolus (Discus-Thrower) – by Myron, only a Roman marble copy survives Riace Bronzes

Answer 2

Hermes and the Infant Dionysus – elongated body, extreme contrapposto stance (S curve) Aphrodite of Cnidos – known only through copies, first life-size female nude Renowned for its beauty

Answer 3

Alexander the Great’s personal sculptor, created stock representation of god-like Alexander, with tousled hair and eyes looking upward Apoxyomenos (the Scraper) – known only from Roman copies

Answer 4

Sculpture is more dramatic and emotional than the Classical period, harsh diagonal lines, movement Realism: for the first time, the elderly and unattractive are portrayed Dying Gaul (from Pergamum), Gigantomachy frieze (Altar of Zeus, Pergamum) Winged Victory of Samothrace Laocoon group

Answer 5

Room in which the statue of the god was kept

Answer 6

Back porch

Answer 7

Encircling colonnade

Answer 8

Top step of the platform on which the temple is built

Answer 9

The triangle formed by the roof at each end of the temple - sometimes filled with sculpture

Answer 10

massive and simple. Columns were topped by a cushion-like, undecorated capital, which supported a plain undecorated architrave. This supported the frieze which consisted of alternating triglyphs (a rectangle of three vertical grooves) and metopes (rectangles which could be plain, painted, or filled with relief sculpture). There was one triglyph over each column and one between each pair of columns Temple of Hera at Olympia (ca. 600 B.C.), Temple of Zeus at Olympia (ca. 460 B.C.) Temple of Hephaestus, (Athenian Agora) Propylaea - entrance to the Athenian Acropolis Parthenon (448-432 B.C.) – temple to Athena, Athenian acropolis architects Ictinus and Callicrates, the perfect embodiment of Doric architecture, also contains elements of the Ionic order

Answer 11

more delicate and ornate. The columns were slender, rested on elaborate bases, and their capitals were scroll-like (volutes). The frieze was undivided and sometimes decorated with a continuous band of relief sculpture Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis (427-424 B.C.), architect Callicrates The Erechtheum on the Acropolis (421-409 B.C.) – architect Mnesicles South porch – Porch of the Maidens – 6 caryatids – sculptured maidens used as columns

Answer 12

a version of the Ionic order, the column capital was elaborate, decorated with acanthus leaves, invented at the end of the 5th century B.C., much used in Hellenistic and Roman times Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens

Answer 13

Most of what we know about the Etruscans comes from their tombs whose frescoes depict scenes of everyday life, mythology, and funeral rites, typically in bright colors and a lively style. The frescoes depict scenes of feasting, dancing, swimming, fishing, and playing. The decline of their civilization, in the shadow of Rome's expansion, is reflected in their later art, which becomes more somber. Tomb of Hunting and Fishing (ca. 520 B.C.) - Tarquinia Tomb of the Triclinium (ca. 480 B.C.) – Tarquinia Tomb of the Reliefs (4th century B.C.) – Cerveteri – imitates the interior of a house, covered with relief sculpture of weapons, armor, household implements, small animals, and busts of the deceased

Answer 14

Apollo of Veii (ca. 550 B.C.) – terracotta statue of Apollo, archaic style, decorated a temple pediment Sarcophagus of the Spouses (ca. 520 B.C.) Capitoline Wolf (ca. 480 B.C.) - bronze Chimaera of Arezzo (ca. 400 B.C.) – bronze

Answer 15

Characterized by its shiny black surface

Answer 16

The earliest Roman temples were adapted from Etruscan architecture. Distinguishing features: high podium, deep porch supported by widely spaced columns, gabled roof covered with terracotta tiles and large antefixes along the edge of the roof Temple of Fortuna Virilis (125 B.C.), Forum Boarium – fusion of Greek and Tuscan traditions

Answer 17

``` at Praeneste (Palestrina), 1st century B.C. Large temple complex, laid out on a steep hillside, a series of ramps and terraces lead up to a large colonnaded court, from there a flight of steps arranged like the seats of a Greek theater lead to the semicircular colonnade at the top. An entire hillside transformed and articulated so that the architectural forms seem to grow out of the rock Illustrates early use of arches, barrel vaults, concrete (all impt. characteristics of Roman architecture) ```

Answer 18

characterized by verism – realisms, shows imperfections (“warts and all”) – compare to idealism of Greek portraiture Capitoline Brutus, bronze Pompey the Great – small eyes, bulbous nose, puffy face = the real Pompey. Thick, tousled hair reminiscent of Lysippus’ portraits of Alexander the Great

Answer 19

displayed in the Vatican Museums Augustus is depicted as a victorious general, the face is recognizable as Augustus, but the body is idealized, air of divinity, elaborate breastplate depicts the return of the Parthian standards. Structural support provided by Cupid riding a dolphin (a reference to Augustus divine ancestry – goddess Venus)

Answer 20

(9 B.C.) – the Altar of Peace Decorated with relief sculpture – Imperial Procession – portraits of Augustus and his family Tellus (Earth goddess) Panel – seated goddess (perhaps the personification of Italy), embraces two children, lush vegetation, represents peace and prosperity of Augustan age

Answer 21

large cameo. Augustus portrayed as Jupiter, seated next to the goddess Roma, the lower scene depicts Roman soldiers erecting a war trophy in the presence of captured barbarians

Answer 22

“Golden House” of the emperor Nero, extravagantly decorated, huge grounds, built after the great fire of Rome (64 A.D.) Octagonal room – ceiling rotated to reflect the movement of the heavens Rooms decorated with frescoes (3rd Pompeiian style)

Answer 23

commemorates Titus’ conquest of Jerusalem, erected in 81 A.D., located in the Roman Forum. Relief panel shows the triumphal procession (spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem)

Answer 24

completed in 80 A.D., accommodated 50, 000 spectators Concrete core – miles of vaulted corridors, masterpiece of engineering efficiency to ensure the smooth flow of traffic Exterior – 80 arched entrances, three levels of arches framed by engaged columns (ground floor – Doric, followed by Ionic and Corinthian)

Answer 25

Buried in the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D, discovered in the 18th century

Answer 26

Imitates stone masonry

Answer 27

introduces images and landscapes surrounded by an architectural frame, extending the interior space by the use of perspective. The illusions are always rational and naturalistic Villa of the Mysteries Bedroom from Boscoreale (from the villa of P. Fannius Synistor, displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of New York)

Answer 28

emphasized the flat confining nature of the walls, characterized by the use of delicate and sophisticated details, denied all appearances of rationality and logic. Wall was painted a solid color (red, black or white), slender architectural details enclose small vignettes in the center of the wall Domus Aurea frescoes Boscotrecase frescoes (also displayed in the Metropolitan Museum)

Answer 29

a synthesis between 2nd style spaciousness and 3rd style elegance, elaborate Baroque illusionism House of the Vettii (Ixion Room), Pompeii

Answer 30

``` large Roman villa, named for the bronze statue of a faun located in the impluvium Alexander Mosaic (a copy of a 3rd century B.C. Greek painting) – depicts Alexander the Great’s victory over the Persian king Darius ```

Answer 31

largest of the imperial Fora, architect – Apollodorus of Damascus Trajan’s column – decorated with a spiral band of relief depicting Trajan’s Dacian campaigns, More than 2500 human figures, in addition to horses, boats, vehicles, military equipment

Answer 32

best preserved Roman structure, temple dedicated to all gods, On the site of an earlier temple built by M. Agrippa (inscription) The emperor Hadrian himself probably played a role in the design Traditional exterior – deep porch, Corinthian columns, Interior - round, dome roof, oculus (“eye”) – 25 feet wide, lets in light The dome and the drum are of equal heights – in exact balance

Answer 33

Castel Sant' Angelo

Answer 34

columned (10 monolithic Corinthian columns) portico still visible in the Roman Forum

Answer 35

Made of bronze, larger than life size | A copy stands in the center of the Piazza del Campidoglio, the square designed by Michelangelo on the Capitoline Hill

Answer 36

Located in the Roman Forum

Answer 37

reorganized the empire into a tetrarchy Statues of the Four Tetrarchs – not individual portraits, each figure looks the same Lack of realism, naturalism, figures are stiff and rigid

Answer 38

dedicated in 315 A.D. in honor of his defeat of Maxentius Located near the Colosseum, three archways Decorated with sculpture taken from earlier monuments (Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, Hadrian) Friezes from the time of Constantine – stylistic change, non-naturalistic approach, lacks spatial depth, Constantine is disproportionately large, other figures stumpy, doll-like

Answer 39

located in the Roman Forum, Was the largest building in ancient Rome Contained a colossal statue of Constantine (head, foot, hand remain) Today only the north aisle (three large barrel vaults) is standing

Classical Art Study Guide Notes Flashcards

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