Classical conditioning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Animal associate a stimulus that evokes response (US) with the 2nd stimulus that does not evoke response (CS)

Question 2

Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning

Answer 2

Process by which humans and animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards and avoid punishments

Involves complex neural circuits due to the fact motivation plays critical role

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 3

A stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a behavioral response

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

An originally neutral stimulus that after pairing w/ US to trigger a behavioral response

Question 5

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 5

response that has not been learned or trained, natural and innate

Question 6

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 6

a behavioral response elicited by the the CS after conditioning

Question 7

Cued Conditioning

Answer 7

uses a tone to evoke a CR

The tone is used then a shock is initiated evoking fear into mice.

in cued (auditory) fear conditioning fearful memories depend on amygdala

Question 8

Contextual Conditioning

Answer 8

fear conditioning
fearful memories depend on
amygdala and hippocampus

Question 9

Delay Conditioning

Answer 9

US immediately or co-terminates with the CS. there is a delay but the CS and US overlap for a time

Nondeclarative memory

Question 10

Trace Conditioning

Answer 10

US and CS are separated in time by a trace interval. A type of classical conditioning in which the US and CS are presented separately with an interval of time in between

Declarative memory

Question 11

Spatial Context

Answer 11

Learning can happen by associating spaces with particular memories and therefore responses. Place cells could be relevant due to their particular activation

Question 12

What are the differences between Delay Conditioning and Trace conditioning

Answer 12

Delay Conditioning
Delay but the CS and UCS overlap for a time
Cerebellum

Trace
Us and CS are presented separately with an interval of time
Cerebellum + Hippocampus

Question 13

fear Conditioning and Eyeblink Conditioning

Answer 13

Fear Conditioning-
Depends on the amygdala
+Hippocampus if the CS is a context
+ Hippocampus with trace procedure

Eyeblink
Depends on cerebellum
+hippocampus with trace procedure

Question 14

What is an effect of norepinephrine on fear memory in normal animals and animals with lesioned amygdala ?

Answer 14

Normal animals show better memory

Lesion on amygdala blocks the effect of NE on memory

Question 15

C.C.
Affective

Answer 15

Features of the stimulus generating emotion that are perceived and processes by the cortico-limbic system

Question 16

C.C.
Attractors

Answer 16

A limited number of stable neuronal states. Representations and values are attractors caused by learning and memory processes. Emotional states are attractors normally caused by memory retrieval, recognition and classification. In anxiety disorder, however such states may become independent of retrieval

Question 17

C.C.
Encoding

Answer 17

A process leading to memory formation and storage

Question 18

C.C.
Epigenetic Mechanisms

Answer 18

Molecular mechanisms that cause changes in the chromosome without alterations in the DNA sequence, thereby maintaining stable cellular phenotypes

Question 19

C.C.
Fear

Answer 19

An emotional state triggered by real, perceived, or remembered threat

Question 20

C.C.
Fear Conditioning

Answer 20

A behavioral paradigm in which organisms learn to fear a CS associated with aversive events

Question 21

CC
Fear extinction

Answer 21

A behavioral paradigm in which organism learn not to fear a CS that is no longer paired with a US

Question 22

Fear and extinction states

Answer 22

emotional states caused by retrieval of CS representations with aversive or non-aversive values. Thus the terms fear and extinction can be used interchangeably to describe emotional states and behavioral
responses

Question 23

CC
Immediate early genes (IEG)

Answer 23

genes responding with a rapid, inducible
expression to various stimuli

Question 24

Phenotype

Answer 24

The set of observable characteristics of a cell, circuit or organism
resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Question 25

Representations

Answer 25

Perceptions or memories of the sensory attributes of a CS or US

Question 26

Rescorla-Wagner learning rule

Answer 26

learning from the discrepancy between an
expected and actual US

Question 27

Sensory

Answer 27

physical features of the stimulus perceived and processed by the
somatosensory brain areas

Question 28

State

Answer 28

the information available to an organism at a given time. States may include
internally available information as well as signals provided by the environment [12].
Here, we primarily discuss internal attractor states, i.e. memory and emotion

Question 29

Memory Trace

Answer 29

a physical record of memory. Memory trace is a hypothetical
permanent (biochemical or biophysical) change in the nervous system brought
about by memorizing something; an engram.
One of the major aims of modern memory research is to locate the physical
substrate of memory (also referred to as ‘memory trace’ or ‘neural substrates of memory’) in the brain.

Question 30

engram

Answer 30

memory trace.
At the beginning of 20th century, Richard Semon coined a word “engram” to
describe a memory trace. Engrams are theorized to be means by which memory
traces are stored as a biophysical or biochemical changes in the brain in response to
external stimuli. The engram is the representation of a memory in the brain

Question 31

Neuronal ensemble

Answer 31

is a population of neurons involved in a particular neural computation.
The concept of neural ensemble dates back to the work of Charles Sherrington who described the functioning of the CNS as the system of reflex arcs, each composed of
interconnected excitatory and inhibitory neurons. In Sherrington’s scheme, α-motoneurons are the final common path of a number of neural circuits of different
complexity: α-motoneurons integrate a large number of inputs and send their final
output to muscles.

Question 32

Neurobiological mechanisms of enhanced memory for emotional material

Answer 32

Increased release of stress hormones
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Increased amygdala activity
epinephrine and amygdala react quickly