Classical Research Flashcards

Question

What were the conclusions for Loftus and Palmer’s research?

Answer 1

1st experiment -leading questions can affect witnesses answer, this may be because of response bias — This means that the different speed estimates occurred because the critical word may have influenced the participants response. -or because the participant memory has been altered by the critical word. 2nd experiment -The affect of leading questions is not due to the response bias, but it’s due to memory being altered -Leading questions can actually alter persons memory of an event -Leading questions can cause memories to become reconstructed

Answer 2

+standardised procedure Was used, for example, the same questions and the same verbs +independent groups were used meaning that demand characteristics were reduced as all participants are experiencing different conditions

Answer 3

-The study may lack ecological validity as an artificial task was used, a video of a crash was watched. This may not represent real life. This means that the results can’t be applied every day life -as independent groups were used, they will be individual differences in the study that can alter the results

Answer 4

+ when investigating a crime, Detectives and police can be more mindful during interrogation and can avoid using leading questions, meaning there is less false imprisonment.

Answer 5

-in some circumstances, knowledge of leading questions, and memory reconstruction, could lead to manipulation of patients and clients in certain psychological therapies as well as crimes.

Answer 6

-showing participants clips of car crashes, could cause some emotional distress, especially if it reminds participants of a traumatic event -Deception was used within the study as participants were asked leading questions, however, if they knew the aims, this would influence their answers so participants had to be deceived, however, this leads us to question if in form consent was really given when the participants didn’t know the true aims.

Answer 7

-A sample of 44 children was used (31 male, 13 female) -all from a London guidance clinic -all children were thieves and were placed into categories based on the severity of there stealing -A control group was matched on age, IQ and gender. -Everyone in the control group had no records of stealing, 44 in control group -both groups were chosen through opportunity sampling -between ages of 5-17 -they were tested, had interviews and used case studies -88 mothers

Answer 8

-an experiment was carried out at London guidance clinic -All the children in both the control group and the experimental group were tested regarding intelligence and psychological state -The mother and the child were both interviewed about their relationship and the child’s behaviour -a case study was also collected on the child school records and medical reports. -Another interview, then took place (each interview lasted two hours ) -The child, then met with the psychologist every week for two months -The children where then categorised into 6 main groups: normal depressed, circular, hyperthermic, affectionate and schizoid.

Answer 9

-The children fit into six main personality types: -14 of the 44 thieves fit into the category of affectionless -the others, fit into the following categories: 2 fit into the category of normal , 9 fit into the category of depressed, 2 where circular, 13 where hyperthermic and 4 classified as schizoid -The children were identified as affectionless due to their unresponsive behaviour -12 out of the 14 affectionless Children had experience frequent separation from their mothers, whereas the separation was rare in the other categories. -13 out of the 14 affectionless thieves where in grade 5, meaning they are far more likely to steal than others.

Answer 10

-Kenneth G -He was 12 when he was referred to the clinic -Put in foster care at five months, then returned to his mum at three years -He was rude showed no affection had a bad temper and was cruel to the children

Answer 11

-confidentiality-the full names of the children were used in the study, this means they could easily be found -Privacy-the questions asked meant that the mothers had to give details on the upbringing of the children, when they may not want to share this information. -Consent-the mothers did not know the full extent to the interviews so therefore couldn’t fully consent to being involved

Answer 12

+ from the study, you may be able to identify early signs of affectionless behaviour and early intervention could be provided to prevent stealing Or intervention could be given on mother child relationships to prevent affectionless behaviour from occurring

Answer 13

-Stereotypes could be caused on single dads and children without mums, that they’ll become thieves

Answer 14

-there are issues on the retrospective nature of the data collected, For example, asking the mother to record past behaviours relies on the accuracy of the past memories as well as this the mother they lie about the behaviours to not feel ashamed. -All children in the control and the experimental group were collected from the same clinic, This isn’t representative of all places so would lack population validity.

Answer 15

-The affectionateness thieves had a distinctive early childhood, including separation from their mothers -the stealing, and affectionless behaviour had resulted from the separation from their mothers -Bowlby concluded that if the children were not separated from their mothers, then they would not have become offenders -bowlby proposed that damage of the emotional development lead to the affectionless behaviour and an impaired sense of right and wrong -Children over the age of four and five can adapt to harsh circumstances, whereas those in the early years may have an emotional disturbance

Answer 16

-A little review was carried out of secondary research on the topic of happiness, and subjective well being -The research had already been conducted and consisted of the following: structured interviews, questionnaires, observations, and time sampling, correlations and meta analysis (combines the results of multiple studies)

Answer 17

Myers And diner looked into subjective well-being in The following categories: religion, age, gender, ethnicity, culture, relationships, characteristics, flow and marriage —religion *Gallup(1984) found those who are highly spiritual or twice as likely to report being happy *those who are religious report having a higher subjective well-being than those who are not. —age * found that there was no time in life where people reported being happier or un happier * it was found that there was no variation in happiness ratings across the ages —gender *robins and regier(1991) found women are twice as vulnerable to having anxiety compared to men, whereas men are 5 time as vulnerable to having a social personality disorder, compared to women * overall, 80% of men and women reported that they were satisfied with life

Answer 18

1-the importance of adaption: the effects of life, positive or negative fade over time. research found that events that occurred in the past three months influence, our subjective well-being, however, us as humans have the capability to adapt to the circumstances. 2-cultural worldview: Different cultures, see the world events differently. People are predisposed to view life events based on their culture, this can have a significant impact on subjective well being 3-values and goals People with higher subjective of well being have goals and plans to aim for, factors such as money only matter if they’re part of these goals.

Answer 19

-privacy—> certain study’s, such as for flow, involved a tracer beeping, and they had to report where and what they were doing at the exact time, and how they felt, participants may not feel comfortable reporting what they are doing at that exact time -harm—> asking personal details about religion, race relationship. Etc can lead to an increase of stress in some participants as they may not want to share this information.

Answer 20

+confidentiality—> as it was a literature review of lots of secondary research was used meaning No participants names were used within the study.

Answer 21

+meta analysis—> increases the sample size by combining stats from multiple studies, which gives us a better understanding of subjective well-being +lit review—> Lit reviews are easier and quicker. Secondary data is easy to review then collecting primary data, as well as this means that you can study multiple studies

Answer 22

-lit review, as myers and diner collect secondary research, they may have chosen studies which reflect their own theories on subjective well-being—> research, bias -self report—> for example, social desirability would be a weakness, participants may lie and say they are happier than they actually are

Answer 23

+ could make people more happy as it could lead to more satisfaction as after all money does not equal happiness. + if marriage leads to happiness than marriage counselling could be promoted

Answer 24

-peoples personality and characteristic traits cannot be changed, this may make people with certain traits and characteristics feel like they can’t be happy -Societies views have changed and this could put pressure on people stay within marriage as they don’t want to be in or to get married

Answer 25

The findings cannot be taken to demonstrate that violence is determined by biology alone. Social, psychological, cultural and situational factors also play a role in predisposing to violence need to consider these findings as PART of biopsychosocial explanation Findings do not demonstrate that murderers pleading NGRI are not responsible for their actions shouldn’t be used as evidence in court, nor do they demonstrate that PET scanning can be used as an diagnostic technique cant identify who is a murderer or not from these scans The findings do not establish a causal link correlation not causation between brain dysfunction

Classical Research Flashcards

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