Classification Flashcards

Question

What are the three different ways molecular phylogeny ways

Answer 1

Ecological specie model Mate recognition specie model Genetic specie model

Answer 2

Based on the ecological niche occupied by an organism Easy to see and measure differences

Answer 3

-visible difference dont always indicate different species —> lack of visible difference doesnt mean they are the same species - not robust way of identifying species - definition vary

Answer 4

Based on unique fertilisation system Succuesful breeding with a fertile offspring is unequivocal in animals if it occurs

Answer 5

- can be very difficulg to set evidence - particualry in slow breeding organism and those that live in different localities - different species of plants often cross breed and produce fertile offspring

Answer 6

Based in DNA evidence Gives unequivocal evidence of organism in same specie and of the relationship between species

Answer 7

Expensive Needs high tech equipment Generates large amount of data

Answer 8

A specie model by which is base sequence of all or part of a genome of an organism is worked out

Answer 9

Can tell you the DNA profile of an organism and organism of the same species will have certain proportion of the same DNA It can be used to see the evolutionary relationship between organism (phylogeny)

Answer 10

Since DNA sequencing and profiling generates lots of data . Bioinformatics is used to organise and analyse enormous amount of raw biological data

Answer 11

To measure genetic diversity, to identify relationships between different species, to track the process of evolution, to monitor effects of human activities, etc.

Answer 12

A method of separating fragments of proteins or nucleic acid based on their electrical charge and size

Answer 13

1) sample added to wells on an agarose gel plate along with some known samples to compare to 2) samples have been treated with restriction endonucleuses which cut the DNA at specific points making smaller fragments 3) the gel contains gye that binds to these fragements and will flouresce undeer UV light 4) then electric current is passed through the gel. The fragment move at different rates through the gel, depending on their mass and charge from the negative cathode to positive anode 5) UV light is shone on it show up the pattern

Answer 14

Blood pigment are important in many animal group Analysis show that any group contain only one type of blood pigment

Answer 15

Analysis of the sequence of amino acid in some specific proteins can help show the relationship within high groups such as phylum

Answer 16

Model used to show the relationship between different groups of organism

Answer 17

Ancient bacteria include extromephiles bacteria that can survive extreme conditions of heat and cold, pH, salinty and pressure Reproduce asexually

Answer 18

True bacteria and cyanobacteria which is used to be called the blue green algae Reproduce asexually

Answer 19

1) all scientist publish full details of their investigation in well known scientific journals. Their reports must contain full details of their methodology Original data Analysis of their fings Following some strict rules

Answer 20

Other scientist check details of the method The data collected And the validity of conclusion before approving its publication

Answer 21

Universities and other institution often host meetings of scientist from aorund the world specialising in one particular area of research - allow individual to share ideas, discuss common problems Argue their case where different models are proposed

Answer 22

the evidence will help to support the suggestion, to reject the suggestion, or lead to a modification of suggestion

Answer 23

Example Horse and donkeys —> mule (sterile) The gene cant flow to the next generation because not from the same species

Answer 24

Largest horse + smallest pony (Extreme variant of the sme species) Foals Lions + tiger (different species) —> most offspring fertile

Answer 25

-Of the electrical charge molecules carry – positively charged molecules will move towards the cathode (negative pole) whereas negatively charged molecules will move towards the anode (positive pole) eg. DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate groups and thus when placed in an electric field the molecules move towards the anode Different sized molecules move through the gel (agarose for DNA and polyacrylamide – PAG for proteins) at different rates. The tiny pores in the gel result in smaller molecules moving quickly, whereas larger molecules move slowly -Of the type of gel – different gels have different sized pores which affects the speed the molecules can move through them

Answer 26

DNA can be collected from almost anywhere on the body, e.g. the root of a hair or saliva from a cup. After collection DNA must be prepared for gel electrophoresis so that the DNA can be sequenced or analysed for genetic profiling (fingerprinting) To prepare the fragments scientists must first increase (amplify) the number of DNA molecules by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then restriction endonucleases (enzymes) are used to cut the DNA into fragments Different restriction enzymes cut the DNA at different base sequences. Therefore scientists use enzymes that will cut close to the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) regions Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) are regions found in the non-coding part of DNA. They contain variable numbers of repeated DNA sequences and are known to vary between different people (except for identical twins). These VNTR may be referred to as ‘satellite’ or ‘microsatellite’ DNA

Answer 27

Create an agarose gel plate in a tank. Wells (a series of groves) are cut into the gel at one end Submerge the gel in an electrolyte solution (a salt solution that conducts electricity) in the tank Load (insert) the fragments into the wells using a micropipette Apply an electrical current to the tank. The negative electrode must be connected to the end of the plate with the wells as the DNA fragments will then move towards the anode (positive pole) due to the attraction between the negatively charged phosphates of DNA and the anode The smaller mass / shorter pieces of DNA fragments will move faster and further from the wells than the larger fragments The fragments are not visible so must be transferred onto absorbent paper or nitrocellulose which is then heated to separate the two DNA strands. Probes are then added, after which an X-ray image is taken or UV-light is shone onto the paper producing a pattern of bands which is generally compared to a control fragment of DNA

Answer 28

``` radioactive label (eg. a phosphorus isotope) which causes the probes to emit radiation that makes the X-ray film go dark, creating a pattern of dark bands A fluorescent stain / dye (eg. ethidium bromide) which fluoresces (shines) when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, creating a pattern of coloured bands ```

Answer 29

To overcome a small SA:V ratio ancestral prokaryote cells developed folds in their membrane. From these infoldings organelles such as the nucleus and rough endoplasmic reticulum formed A larger anaerobically respiring prokaryote engulfed a smaller aerobically respiring prokaryote (which is not digested) This gave the larger prokaryote a competitive advantage as it had a ready supply of ATP and gradually the cell evolved into the heterotrophic eukaryotes with mitochondria that are present today

Answer 30

At some stage in their evolution, the heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a smaller photosynthetic prokaryote. This cell provided a competitive advantage as it supplied the heterotropic cell with an alternative source of energy, carbohydrates Over time the photosynthetic prokaryote evolved into chloroplasts and the heterotrophic cells into autotrophic eukaryotic cells

Answer 31

Both reproduce by binary fission Both contain their own circular, non-membrane bound DNA They both transcribe mRNA from their DNA They both have 70S ribosomes to synthesise their own proteins They both have double membranes

Answer 32

1) cells respire anarobically (they didnt use O2 + didnt have mitochondria) 2) cell engulfs aerobic prokaryotes as food —> ATp is released 3) oxygen levels in atmosphere increases as photosynthetic prokartows appear . Oxygen is at best no use to cells, at worst toxic 4) by chance in some cells the aerobic prokaryotes is not digested, it uses oxygen for cellular respiration. More efficeint respiration allows cells to grow and reproduce more rapidly 5) aerobic bacterium evolved into a mitochopndria ( copies are made and passed to daughter cells during reproduction

Answer 33

1) cell engulf photosynthetic (heterotrophic) organism as food 2) by chance in some cells the photosynthetic organism is not digested Photosynthesis continues providing the cell with food this gives the cell an advanatge as it can grow and reproduce more rapidly 4) photosynthetic bacterium evolved into a chloroplast

Answer 34

1) place randomly (using a random number generator) 2) coount the number of individual of a particular species 3) repeat +place many more quandrants

Answer 35

A species definition based solely on the appearance of the organism observed

Answer 36

Based on appearance of the organism. Organism with similar appearance are put in the same group Ex all cats look similar but know regardless domestic cats are not the same specie as tigers although they are related

Answer 37

Eukaryotic Single called Free living Live in water

Answer 38

Eukaryotic Mycelium consist hyphae Chitin cell wall Multi nucleate cytoplasm Free living Saprptrophic / heterotrophs Spore reproduction

Answer 39

Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Cellulose cell wall Photosynthesis - chlorophyll

Answer 40

Eukaryotic Multicellular Able to move Heterotrophs Fertilised eggs developed to blastocyst

Answer 41

Scientific finding ( in a journal) Scientific conference Peer review Repeat experiment to confirm