classification

Question 1

define classification

Answer 1

the division of living organisms into groups bases on their evolutionary relationships.

Question 2

what is meant by classification is hierarchical

Answer 2

groups are split into groups of decreasing size

Question 3

what is meant by classification is phylogenetic

Answer 3

organisms in the same group are more closely related

Question 4

name the taxonomic groups in order

Answer 4

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Question 5

what is meant by classification have a tentative nature

Answer 5

classification is based on available information at the time and can be subject to change when new information comes out

Question 6

name the five kingdoms

Answer 6

prokaryotae
animalia
plantae
fungi
protoctista

Question 7

what are the characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 7

lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
70s ribosomes
circular DNA
cell wall of peptidoglycan

Question 8

what are the characteristics of animalia

Answer 8

multicellular eukaryotes, no cell wall, heterotrophic and have nervous coordination

Question 9

what are the characteristics of plantae

Answer 9

multicellular eukaryotes,
photosynthetic containing chloroplast
cell wall of cellulose

Question 10

what are the characteristics of fungi

Answer 10

heterotrophic eukaryotes with a cell wall all made of chitin; most are composed of thin threads called hyphae
reproduce by spores

Question 11

what are the characteristics of protoctista

Answer 11

mostly unicellular eukaryotes
algae have no tissue differentiation

Question 12

what is the definition of species

Answer 12

a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 13

how do we know there are three domains

Answer 13

in 1977, studies of rRNA suggested that there should be three domains. a domain is a larger taxon than a kingdom. evidence suggests that all organisms evolved along three separate lineages

Question 14

name the three domains

Answer 14

eubacteria
archaea
eukarya

Question 15

what are eubacteria

Answer 15

these are the ‘true’ bacteria

Question 16

what are archaea

Answer 16

these are also prokaryotic but are extremophiles

Question 17

what are eukarya

Answer 17

these are all eukaryotic organisms

Question 18

define an extremophile

Answer 18

live where environmental conditions are harsh (pH temperature or pressure)

Question 19

how do we name an organism

Answer 19

GENUS species

Question 20

why are binomial names the same over the world

Answer 20

• accepted and understood worldwide to avoid confusion with local names and avoid language barriers

Question 21

what is the meaning of morphology

Answer 21

looking at the shape and form of an organism

Question 22

what arises due to convergent evolution

Answer 22

some organisms have similar morphology but are unrelated in evolutionary terms

Question 23

what is an advantage of biochemical analysis and DNA sequencing

Answer 23

it can overcome issues caused by convergent evolution

Question 24

define what an homologous structure is

Answer 24

have the same structure but different function (indicate an organism is related)

Question 25

define an analogous structure

Answer 25

arise through convergent evolution. the function is the same but origin of the structure is different.

Question 26

what is a phylogenetics tree and how is it used

Answer 26

diagrams that represent the evolutionary pathways leading to different species the axis is time, moves forward the further up the tree branches go. each junction represents a common ancestor. the more recent a common ancestor, the more closely related the organisms are

Question 27

how do we know how closely relate a species is using biochemical evidence

Answer 27

DNA RNA and proteins can be used to establish relatedness. the sequences of subunits can be compared and the number of differences counted THE MORE DIFFERENCES THERE ARE IN THE SEQUENCE, THE LESS CLOSELY RELATED TWO ORGANISMS ARE

Question 28

what is a molecular clock and how to we measure it

Answer 28

mutations in DNA can lead to differences in the amino acid sequence of proteins. depending on the organism type and reproduction rate, it is possible to use these differences to construct a molecular clock which shows how long ago the mutation occurred. this means that a timeline can be drawn as to when a species or group diverged

Question 29

how do we make a DNA fingerprint

Answer 29

fragments of DNA and proteins can be separated by gel electrophoresis. this gel allows small fragments to move further, and electrical charge causes movement of the negatively charged fragments to the positive electrode. a banding pattern is produced which can be used to compare. alternatively, sequences of DNA and amino acids can be established