Classification Flashcards
Biological classification
Process of sorting living things into groups
Natural classfication does this by grouping things according to how CLOSELY RELATED they are
AND REFELCTES EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONARY
Taxonomy
Study of the principles of classification
WHat is the basic unit of natural classification
species
Phylogeny
Study of the evolutionary relationships between
organisms
What does monopyletic mean
Belong to the same phylogenetic group
what is a common ancestor
an ancestor shared by 2 or > taxonomic groups
Prokaryotes
No Nucleus DNA is in a loop and naked No membrane bound organelle smaller ribosomes Respiration takes place on the plasma membrane May be free living or parasitic
Protocists
They all don;t fit in any other group so just grouped in this one Eukaryotes Mostly single celled Mostly free living Wide variety of forms
Fungi
Walls made of chitin
Have a mycellium consisting of hyphae
Free living, saprtrophic
Cytoplasm which doesn’t divide into other cells- multinucleate
Plants
Autotrophic nutrition
Multicellular embryos from fertilised eggs
cellulose cell walls
eukaryotes
Animals
Mulitcellular Hetertrophs FErtilised eggs- blastocyst Eukaryotes able to move around
WHy do we classify
For our CONVENIENCE
To make study of living things more MANAGEABLE
Easier to IDENTIFYliving organisms
See RELATIONSHIPS between species
What are domains
Kingdoms grouped into LARGER catefgories
Pneumonic for 8 taxa
DEAR KING PHILLIP COME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP
3 DOMAINS
Bacteria
Arachaea
Eukaryotae
What happens to the ability to distinguish between 2 organisms as you go down the 8 taxa
IT becomes increasingly more difficult to separate closely related species
What is the binomial system
Uses two names to identify each species: genus name and the species name
4 reasons why using a common name doesn’t work well
Same organism may have DIFFERENT common names in differrent parts of one country
Different common names are used in different countries
Translation of languages may give different common names
The same common name may be used for a different organism in a different part of the world
How do we avoid potential cofusion with regards to common names
Universal language of latin
What were early classification systems originally like
Based on observable features
LATER scientists had microscopes
electron microscopes- inside cells
Appearance and anatomy
What does Cytochrome C show us about evolutionary relationships
PROTEIN USED IN RESPIRATION
IF the sequence fo amino acids in cytochrome C are compared it can be used:
The more closely linked the amino acids SEQUENCE , the more closely linked
the less closely linked the amino acids SEQUENCE are the less closely linked the species are
How is DNA used to show evolutionary relationships
The same sequence of DNA codes for the same protein in all organisms
THe more similar the sequence, the more closely liked the specis
What is the fundamental basis of the three domain system
The kindom Prokaryote has two distinct groups bacteria, and archaea
Arachae- similar to eukaryote, have proteins on their DNA, DNA polymerase
Bacteria- differrent membrane and flagella structure
This is proof that a split must be made
