Classification and Biodiversity

Question 1

What are the five kingdoms of living things?

Answer 1

• Animals (all multicellular animals)
• Plants (all green plants)
• Fungi (moulds, mushrooms, yeast)
• Protists (Amoeba, Chlorella and Plasmodium)
• Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae)

Question 2

What is classification?

Answer 2

Grouping of animals by comparing their similarities and differences with the goal of judging evolutionary relatedness between species

Question 3

What is the traditional classification system called and who was it developed by?

Answer 3

The Linnaean system, developed by Carl Linnaeus in the eighteenth century

Question 4

What are the groups in the Linnean classification system?

Answer 4

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 5

How would you name an organism using the binominal naming structure?

Answer 5

First name: Genus

Second name: Species

Question 6

What are examples of subdivisions of the phylum group?

Answer 6

Chordata: Have backbones
Anthropod: Have jointed legs and an exoskeleton
Annelids: Segmented worms

Question 7

What are the types of vertebrates?

Answer 7

Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Fish
Reptiles

Question 8

What are examples of subdivisions of the order group?

Answer 8

Carnivores

Primates

Question 9

What are the advantages of the binominal naming system?

Answer 9

It ensures that animal names are the same across all languages to avoid confusion e.g. when animals are being transported to zoos

Question 10

What characteristics do reptiles have?

Answer 10

• Lay waterproof eggs on land
• Dry, scaly skin (therefore cannot breathe through skin so have lungs
• Live mostly on land

Question 11

What are some examples of reptiles?

Answer 11

Crocodiles, turtles, and chameleons

Question 12

What characteristics do mammals have?

Answer 12

• Have mammary (milk) glands + sweat glands
• Give birth to live young
• Have four limbs
• Have hair or fur

Question 13

What are some examples of mammals?

Answer 13

Humans, dolphins, and bears

Question 14

What characteristics do amphibians have?

Answer 14

• Lay eggs covered in jelly, in water
• Moist, scale-less skin
• Often have webbed feet
• Perform gas exchange through their skin
• Cold blooded

Question 15

What are some examples of amphibians?

Answer 15

Newts and frogs

Question 16

What characteristics do fish have?

Answer 16

• Scales and fins
• A lateral line running through the middle of their body
• Gills for gas exchange in water

Question 17

What are some examples of fish?

Answer 17

Shark, salmon, and clownfish

Question 18

What characteristics do birds have?

Answer 18

• Feathers
• Two wings and two legs
• Lay hard-shelled eggs on land
• Have beaks

Question 19

What are some examples of birds?

Answer 19

Penguins, sparrows, and eagles

Question 20

What are the two classifications of plants?

Answer 20

Ferns: Don’t have flowers or seeds, reproduce asexually using spores
Flowering plants: Can reproduce asexually or sexually. May produce seeds in their ovaries

Question 21

What characteristics do fungi have?

Answer 21

• Cells have chitin walls

- Reproduce using spores rather than seeds

Question 22

What characteristics do protists have?

Answer 22

Exist as simple single cells or colonies of single cells

Question 23

What characteristics do prokaryotes have?

Answer 23

Have a cell wall but not made from cellulose. Cells have no nucleus.

Question 24

What is the difference between vascular and non-vascular plants?

Answer 24

Vascular plants have tubes to form a transport system such as roots and stems
Non-vascular plants do not have tubes and instead get their water directly from the ground in damp places

Question 25

What are morphological adaptations?

Answer 25

Adaptations that affect the structure or shape of an organism (physical features) to help them survive in their environment

Question 26

What are behavioural adaptations?

Answer 26

Non-physical adaptations, but ones that affect an animal's lifestyle or actions e.g. mating rituals, working together in packs etc.

Question 27

What are the two types of adaptation an animal can have called?

Answer 27

Morphological adaptations | Behavioural adaptations

Question 28

What do plants compete for?

Answer 28

- Water - Minerals from the soil - Light - Space

Question 29

What do animals compete for?

Answer 29

- Food - Mates - Territory

Question 30

What is intraspecific competition?

Answer 30

Animals of the same species competing for resources

Question 31

What is interspecific competition?

Answer 31

Animals of different species competing for resources

Question 32

What is interdependence?

Answer 32

When all organisms in an ecosystem are dependent on each other

Question 33

What may the size of an animal population be affected by?

Answer 33

Competition for food and water Number of predators Disease Pollution

Question 34

What may the size of a plant population be affected by?

Answer 34

Competition for light, water, or minerals Number of herbivores Disease Pollution

Question 35

How are plants adapted for maximum intake of water?

Answer 35

Shallow roots that extend a long way OR deep roots to find underground stores of water

Question 36

What are examples of biotic and abiotic factors that affect animal populations?

Answer 36

Biotic: Food supply Predators Abiotic: Light Temperature Water

Question 37

Why are plants adapted to have flowers?

Answer 37

To attract insects to pollinate them

Question 38

Why is it important for us to protect biodiversity?

Answer 38

``` Moral issues - People feel guilty about destruction of habitats New medicines Industrial materials Food and potential foods Protecting humans from natural disasters The economy (ecotourism) ```

Question 39

How are animal habitats being destroyed?

Answer 39

Building Industry Agriculture

Question 40

What are the methods of maintaining biodiversity?

Answer 40

- CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) - Captive breeding programmes - National Parks - Seed/sperm banks - Local biodiversity action plans - SSSI (Sites of Special Scientific Interest)

Question 41

What is the definition of biodiversity?

Answer 41

The number of different species in an area

Question 42

What is biological control and what are the benefits of using it?

Answer 42

The control of a pest through the introduction of a natural enemy or predator It is an alternative to pesticides which can poison the environment

Question 43

What are the risks of introducing an alien species into an ecosystem?

Answer 43

- The alien species may have no predators in the area and its population may grow out of control - May compete with existing species - May prey on existing species - May carry a disease that could affect native species

Question 44

How would you use a quadrat?

Answer 44

1. Measure out an area to be surveyed 2. Choose a random location within the area to place the quadrat 3. Count the number of organisms in the quadrat/percentage cover of plants 4. Repeat for more random locations

Question 45

What is a transect useful for?

Answer 45

Seeing the effect of a factor on the distribution of a species

Question 46

How would you use a transect?

Answer 46

1. Lay out a tape measure or piece of rope 2. Lay down quadrats at regular intervals along the transect line 3. Record numbers of animals/plants along the line

Question 47

How could you improve the accuracy of sampling?

Answer 47

- Sample area typical of whole area - Bigger sample area is better - The sampling method must not affect the results

Question 48

What is the formula for estimating a population?

Answer 48

Number counted x (total survey area/area sampled)

Question 49

What methods would you use to estimate the population of fast moving animals?

Answer 49

Capture-recapture technique/Pooters and nets

Question 50

How would you carry out the capture-recapture technique?

Answer 50

1. Capture a number of individuals from a species 2. Mark them 3. Release them back into the wild 4. Take another sample some time later 5. Record number of marked animals + use formula

Question 51

What formula would you use to estimate an animal population using the capture-recapture technique?

Answer 51

Number found in first sample x Number found in second sample ___________________________________________ Number found in second sample which were already marked