Classification And Characteristics Of Microorganisms

Question 1

what are the three domains of life in microbiology?

Answer 1

Bacteria
Archea
Eukarya

Question 2

what are the major groups of microorganisms?

Answer 2

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Prions

Question 3

what are the four major shapes?

Answer 3

Bacillus (rod-shape)
Coccus (spherical)
Spirilla (spiral)
Vibro (curved)

Question 4

how do bacteria reproduced?

Answer 4

mostly through binary fissions ( asexual reproduction)

Question 5

what are the key featured of viruses that makes them different from other microorganisms?

Answer 5

they are acellular and required a host to replicate.

Question 6

what are the three types of fungi based on their nutritional characteristics?

Answer 6

Saprophytic (decomposer)
Parasitic (harm host)
Mutualistic (symbiotic relationships)

Question 7

what are protozoa classified based on?

Answer 7

Their mode of locomotion:
Amoeboids
Flagellates
Ciliates
Sporozoans

Question 8

How do helminths differ from other microorganisms?

Answer 8

They are multicellular eukaryotic parasites with complex life cycles.

Question 9

name three bacterial diseases?

Answer 9

Tuberculosis
Cholera
Food poisoning

Question 10

what fungal species is responsible for candidiasis?

Answer 10

candida

Question 11

what protozoan causes malaria?

Answer 11

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 12

What helminthic diseases is caused by Schistosoma?

Answer 12

Schistosomiasis

Question 13

what staining technique differentiates bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative?

Answer 13

Gram Staining

Question 14

what is an autoclave used for?

Answer 14

Sterilizing media, tools, and waste at high pressure and temperature.

Question 15

What test is used to determine bacteria resistance at antibiotics?

Answer 15

Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test

Question 16

What equipment is used to observe bacterial structures?

Answer 16

Compound microscope and electron microscope

Question 17

What are the key used to classify microorganisms?

Answer 17

Morphology
Physiology
Genetics

Question 18

What is the role of molecular techniques in microbial classification?

Answer 18

They help identify microorganisms based on DNA, RNA, and protien sequences

Question 19

Which domain includes extremophiles like halophiles?

Answer 19

Archaea

Question 20

What structure do bacteria have that provides shape and protections?

Answer 20

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Question 21

What is an obligate intracellular parasite?

Answer 21

A microorganism, like a virus, that can only replicate inside a host cell

Question 22

Name two bacterial species tht can cause foodborne illness?

Answer 22

Salmonella and Campylobacter

Question 23

What is the primary genetic material in viruses?

Answer 23

Either DNA or RNA, but never both

Question 24

Describe the process of viral replication

Answer 24

Attachment ___Entry___Hijacking of host cell____Assembly____Release.

Question 25

How are viruses transmitted?

Answer 25

Through direct contact, airborn droplets, vectors, or contaminated surfaces.

Question 26

What polysaccharide is found in fungal cell walls?

Answer 26

Chitin

Question 27

What is the function of fungal spores?

Answer 27

They aid in reproduction and environmental survival.

Question 28

What industrial applications involve fungi?

Answer 28

Antibiotic production, fermentation (bread, beer), and biotecnology.

Question 29

How do protozoa move?

Answer 29

Using flagella, Cilla, Pseudopodia, or being non-motile (Sporozoans)

Question 30

What disease is caused by Trypanosoma?

Answer 30

Sleeping sickness

Question 31

What is the difference between phagocytosis and osmotrophy in protozoa?

Answer 31

Phatocytosis is involes engulfing food, while Osmotrophy absorbs dissolved nutrients.

Question 32

What are the three main classes o helminths?

Answer 32

Nematodes (roundworms) Cestodes (tapeworms) Trematodes (Flukes)

Question 33

How are helminths transmitted?

Answer 33

Through fecal-oral routes, vectores, or direct skin penetration

Question 34

What disease is caused by ascaris lumbricoides?

Answer 34

Ascariasis

Question 35

How do algae obtain energy?

Answer 35

Through photosynthesis

Question 36

What is the major toxin produced by Dinoflagellates?

Answer 36

Saxitoxin ( causes paralytic shellfish poisoning)

Question 37

How can algae cause human illness?

Answer 37

By producing toxins that accumulate in seafood or contaminate water.

Question 38

What is the purpose of aseptic techniques in microbiology lab?

Answer 38

Tp prevent contamination of cultures and ensure saftey

Question 39

What test differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall composition?

Answer 39

Gram staining

Question 40

What laboratory equipment is used to grow bacterial colonies on solid media?

Answer 40

Petri dishes with agar plates

Question 41

How is bacterial growth measured in the lab?

Answer 41

By turbidity ( spectrophotometry ) or colony-forming units ( CFUs )