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IB Biology SL > Classification And Cladistics > Flashcards

Classification And Cladistics Flashcards

1
Q

What are specialists in classification called?

A

Taxonomists

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2
Q

What are the 8 taxons used in classification in order?
(Do Keep Putting Crumbs Out For Greedy Sparrows)

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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3
Q

As we go down the list of taxons what can be found?

A
  • Decreasing number of species in each taxon
  • Increasing number of features in common
  • Organisms are more closely related
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4
Q

What are members of the same species capable of due to their common features?

A

They are capable of interbreeding, and producing fertile offspring

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5
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A
  • Eubacteria (e.g. E. coli or Photosynthetic bacteria)
  • Archaea (e.g. thermophiles or halophiles)
  • Eukaryota (e.g. animals, plants and fungi)
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6
Q

What features do Archaea have that make them different from Eubacteria?

A
  • DNA with proteins/histones
  • Usually have introns (in the DNA and therefore mRNA)
  • Cell walls lack peptidoglycan/glycoprotein
  • Lipids different/cell membrane with glycerol-ether
  • Found in extreme environments
  • Ribosomes are different (than eubacteria)
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7
Q

What features do Eubacteria have that make them different to Archaea?

A
  • DNA with no proteins/histones
  • Seldom have introns
  • Cell walls with peptidoglycan/glycoprotein
  • Lipids different/cell membrane with glycerol-ester
  • Not in extreme environments
  • Ribosomes are different (than archaea)
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8
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms of living things?

A
  • Prokaryotae
  • Protoctista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
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9
Q

What are examples of Prokaryotae (eubacteria and archaea)?

A
  • Cholera
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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10
Q

What are examples of Protoctista?

A
  • Algae
  • Water mold
  • Protozoa (e.g. paramecium or amoeba)
  • Slime mould
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11
Q

What are examples of Fungi?

A
  • Mushrooms and Toadstools (“Basidiomycota”)
  • Yeasts (“Ascomycota”)
  • Moulds (“Zygomycota”)
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12
Q

What are examples of Plantae?

A
  • Mosses
  • Liverworts (“Bryophyta”)
  • Ferns (“Filicynophyta”)
  • Flowering plants (“Angiospermophyta”)
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13
Q

What are examples of Animalia?

A
  • Hermit crab
  • Coyote
  • Pallo bat
  • Palm cockatoo
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14
Q

What do the taxons for humans look like?

A

Kingdom: Animalia
Phyllum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapien

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15
Q

What are the 4 main Phyla of plants?

A
  • Bryophyta (mosses, liverworts and hornworts)
  • Filicynophyta (ferns)
  • Coniferophyta (conifers)
  • Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)
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16
Q

What are the features of Bryophyta?

A
  • Spores produced in a capsule which develops at the end of a stalk
  • Simple stem + leaves (but liverworts have a flattened thallus)
  • Neither have vascular tissue
  • Structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids but NO ROOTS
17
Q

What are the features of Filicinophyta?

A
  • Roots, leaves and short, non-woody stems
  • (primitive) vascular tissue is present
  • Leaves curl up in a bud (as they emerge in Spring)
  • Leaves are often divided into pairs of leaflets (pinnate)
  • Spores are produced in sporangia, usually on the underside of the leaves
18
Q

What are the features of Coniferophyta?

A
  • Shrubs or trees
  • Have roots, leaves and woody stems
  • Leaves narrow with thick, waxy cuticle
  • Vascular tissue present
  • Seeds develop on surface of scales of female cones (grow in the upper branches where wind can help the fertilisation process)
  • Male cones produce pollen (grow in the lower branches)
19
Q

What are the features of Angiospermophyta?

A
  • Flowering plants - flowers usually contain male + female reproductive structures
  • Seeds develop from ovules in ovaries of flower
  • Ovaries develop into fruit to disperse the seeds
  • Have leaves, root, non-woody or woody stems
  • Vascular tissue present
20
Q

What are the 7 main Phyla of animals?

A
  • Porifera (sponges)
  • Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals)
  • Platyhelminths (flatworms)
  • Annelida (segmented worms - earthworms)
  • Arthropoda (insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedes)
  • Mollusca (snails, slugs, octopus)
  • Chordata (mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish)
21
Q

What are features of Poriphera?

A
  • No clear symmetry
  • Attached to surfaces
  • Pores through body
  • No mouth or anus
22
Q

What are features of Cnidaria?

A
  • Radially symmetrical
  • Tentacles
  • Stinging cells
  • Mouth but no anus
23
Q

What are features of Platyhelminths?

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Flat bodies
  • Unsegmented
  • Mouth but no anus
24
Q

What are features of Annelida?

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Bristles often present
  • Segmented
  • Mouth and anus
25
Q

What are features of Arthropoda (and Arachnids as a class)?

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Exoskeleton
  • Segmented
  • Jointed appendages
26
Q

What are features of Mollusca?

A
  • Muscular food and mantle
  • Shell usually present
  • Segmentation not visible
  • Mouth and anus
27
Q

What are features of Chordata/Vertebrata?

A
  • Notochord (skeletal rod that supports the body = spine/backbone)
  • Dorsal nerve chord
  • Pharangeal gill slits
  • Post-anal tail
  • Apart from fish, all chordates are tetrapods (4 pentadactyl limbs)
28
Q

What are the 5 classes of Chordates/Vertebrates?

A
  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
29
Q

What are features of bony ray-finned fish?

A
  • Scaly skin
  • Gills with a single gills slit
  • Fins supported by rays
  • Buoyancy maintained + adjusted by swim bladder
  • External fertilization
30
Q

What are features of amphibians?

A
  • Soft, moist, permeable skin
  • Lungs with small internal folds
  • External fertilization (in water)
  • Eggs surrounded by protective gel
  • Larval stage lives in water
31
Q

What are features of reptiles?

A
  • Dry, scaly impermeable skin
  • Lungs with extensive folding
  • Internal fertilization
  • Eggs have soft shells
  • Teeth of a single type
32
Q

What are features of birds?

A
  • Feathers growing from skin
  • Lungs with parabronchial tubes
  • Wings instead of front legs
  • Hard shell around egg
  • Beak but no teeth
33
Q

What are features of mammals?

A
  • Hair growing from skin
  • Lungs with alveoli
  • Give birth to live yound
  • Mammary glands secrete milk
  • Teeth of more than one type
34
Q

What are dichotomous keys?

A
  • Used to identify species of organism
  • Use a series of numbered stages
  • Each stage gives a pair of alternative characteristics that must be clear and easily identifiable
  • Some alternatives give you the numbered stage to go to
  • Eventually you reach the identification of the species
  • They only work well if you have a good specimen of the organism
35
Q

What is a cladogram?

A

A tree-like diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship between organisms
- The points at which groups of organisms diverged are shown as branching points called nodes
- It is assumed that groups of organisms beyond one of these points on a cladogram had a common ancestor

36
Q

What is a clade?

A

A group of organisms that evolved from a common ancestor
- It can be a group that has a recent common ancestor, or it can show relationships much further back in evolutionary history

37
Q
A

IB Biology SL (15 decks)

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