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biology > classification and evolution 4.2.2 > Flashcards

classification and evolution 4.2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

why do we classify organisms ?

A

to identify species and avoid confusion
to predict characteristics
to find evolutionally links

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2
Q

what is taxonomy ?

A

a form of classification that focuses on similarities between different species for ease of naming

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3
Q

what is phylogeny ?

A

a way of classifying organism to show evolutionary relations between them so every group shows a common ancestor
tells us who’s related to whom and how closely

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4
Q

what is artificial classification ?

A

divides organisms according to observable differences and similarities eg. colour and size

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5
Q

what is natural classification ?

A

bases upon evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors

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6
Q

what is the order of taxonomy ?

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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7
Q

what is binomial naming ?

A

the fist word is the genus and has a capital letter
the second word is the species and is in lower case
both words are underlined or in italics
written in Latin

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8
Q

why is the binomial naming system still in use ?

A

Latin is a universal language so every scientist can use it
avoids confusion
allows you to identify both genus and species

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9
Q

what are the 5 kingdoms ?

A

fungi
animalia
plantae
prokaryotes
Protoctista

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10
Q

what is the fungi kingdom ?

A

eukaryotes
have hyphae
walls made of chitin
cytoplasm that is multinucleate
mostly free living and saprophytic
store food as glycogen

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11
Q

what is the kingdom animalia ?

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
usually able to move

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12
Q

what is the kingdom plantae ?

A

eukaryotic
multicellular
cellulose cell walls
autotrophic
contain chlorophyll

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13
Q

what is the kingdom prokaryote ?

A

no nucleus
unicellular
no membrane bound organelles
smaller ribosomes
smaller than eukaryotes
free living or parasitic

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14
Q

what is the kingdom Protoctista ?

A

eukaryotic
mostly single celled
show a wide variety of forms
show various plant like or animal like features
mostly free living
autotrophic or heterotrophic

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15
Q

how has the classification system changed ?

A

originally the classification systems were based on observable features but now they are bases on the molecular systematics of organisms DNA
this allows for evolutionary relationships between organisms

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16
Q

what is molecular systematics ?

A

uses DNA, RNA and proteins to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms

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17
Q

what are the 3 domains?

A

eukarya
archaea
bacteria

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18
Q

what does woeses system acknowledge ?

A

differenced in the sequences of nucleotides in the cells ribosomal RNA
differences in the cells membrane lipid structure and their sensitivity to antibodies
there are fundamental differences between the archaea and bacteria

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19
Q

what are the differences between bacteria and the other two domains ?

A

different cell membrane structure
flagella with different internal structure
different enzymes for synthesising RNA
no protein bound to their genetic materila
different mechanisms for DNA replication and for synthesising RNA

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20
Q

differences between the archeaebacteria and bacteria

A

both single celled
have different chemical makeup
archaea doesn’t have peptoglycgen for cell walls
archaea is very ancient and live in hostile environments

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21
Q

how was the theory of evolution developed ?

A

while on the beagle voyage Darwin used charles Lyell’s theory’s about sedimentation, erosion and deposition forming the earth to think of evolution as a slow process
Alfred Wallace peer reviewed Darwin’s theory’s

22
Q

what is the evidence for evolution ?

A

planetology - study of fossils and the fossil record
comparative anatomy - study of similarities and differences in organisms anatomy
comparative biochemistry - comparing genetic makeup of organisms

23
Q

what is the fossil record ?

A
  • fossils form when an animal or plant remains are preserved in rock
  • over a long period of time sediment is deposited and layers of rock form the different layers that correspond tot he different geographical eras
24
Q

why is the fossil record incomplete ?

A

non every organisms can be preserved as a fossil eg, soft body creature

25
how does palaeontology support the theory of evolution ?
fossils of the simplest organisms like bacteria and algae are found in the oldest rock whilst fossils of more complex organisms are found in more recent rocks
26
what is a homologous structure ?
a structure that superficially appears to be different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure eg. pentadactyl limbs
27
what is divergent evolution ?
when organisms have evolved over time but from a common ancestor
28
what is comparative biochemistry ?
the study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes between organisms some molecules are highly conserves and remain unchanged amoung species
29
what are the most common molecules studied in comparative biochemistry ?
cytochrome C ( a protein involved in respiration ) and ribosomal RNA most mutations occur outside the functional regions so there is no effect on the function
30
how to figure out how closely related two species are ?
the order of DNA bases can be studied or the order of amino acids there is a known rate at which mutations occurs and this is used to determine the point in time at which the two species shared a common ancestor
31
what is ribosomal RNA used with to determine relationships between ancient species and why ?
used with the fossil record because it has a slow rate of substitution
32
how can mitochondrial DNA be used to trace the path of evolution ?
its always passed on to offspring from the mother it has higher rate of mutation than nuclear DNA so there is lots of variation this allows the path of evolution to be traced
33
what are adaptions ?
characteristics of an organisms that increase chance of survival and reproduction in its environment
34
what are the 3 types of adaptation ?
anatomical adaptations - physical features ( internal and external ) behavioural adaptations - the way the organism acts ( inherited or learnt ) physiological adaptations - processes that take place inside cells ( biochemical )
35
what are examples of anatomical adaptations ?
body coverings - hair and fur ect, can help organisms to stay warm, waterproofing, protection camouflage feeding - teeth and diet mimicry - copying another animals appearance or sounds to food predators into thinking its poisonous water regulation - thick waxy cuticles or curved leaves locomotion - streamlined shapes/fins, gas filled swim bladders for buoyancy communication - displaying bright colours to warn other species of toxicity to attract a mate
36
what are examples of physiological adaptations ?
feeding - different enzymes are used to digest components of diet antibiotic resistance - bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotic drugs through molecular adaptations temperature adaptations - cold and heat resistant enzymes respiration - can respire sugars aerobically or anaerobically depending on oxygen availability poison production - reptiles and some plants to protect from being eaten hibernation - slowing of metabolism
37
what are examples of behavioural adaptations ?
2 categories: innate ( instinctive) behaviours inherited through genes and learned behaviours from observing other animals communication - elaborate courtship displays to attract a male locomotion - behaviour that involves an organism moving towards or away from a stimulus responding to seasonal changes - migration and hibernation
38
what are analogous structures ?
structures that have adapted to perform the same function but are genetically different occurs from convergent evolution
39
what is convergent evolution ?
occurs when unrelated species share similar traits, happens when they are in similar environments with similar selection pressures so they adapt the same
40
what is Darwin's theory of evolution ?
1. mutation creates alternative versions of a gene ( alleles ) 2. this creates genetic variation 3. the environment will select those variation that give the organism an advantage ( selection pressure) 4. individuals with an advantageous characteristic will survive and reproduce and pass these alleles on 5. the frequency of successful alleles will be greater in the following generation and overtime the organism become better adapted tot he environment
41
what are the conditions for evolution ?
variation - differences between individuals heredity - differences must be able to be passed on means of selection - a mechanism or pressure that selects some variable for the next generation
42
what is antibiotic resistance ?
MRSA has developed a resistance to antibiotics bacteria reproduces very rapidly and this means they evolve faster, mutations can occur that lead to the resistance
43
how does antibiotic resistance occur ?
- the use of antibiotics is a selection pressure on bacteria - when u take the antibiotics most of the bacteria are killed - however due to a resistant bacteria there may be a fewer resistance bacteria which can survive and reproduce - those bacteria pass on the alleles for resistance
44
what is the intrAspecific variation ?
variation that exists within A species
45
what is interspecific variation ?
variation that exists between different species
46
what is continuous variation ?
when there are 2 extremes and a full range of variation values between them eg. height, leave length these are controlled by genes and sometimes environmental factors
47
describe a graph to represent continuous variation
a bell curve with the two extremes on either side
48
what is discontinuous variation ?
there are two or more distinct categories with no intermediate values eg. human blood groups, presence or not of flagella this is controlled by a single gene and is not affected by the enviroment
49
describe a graph to represent discontinuous variation
a bar graph with the different groups
50
what causes variation ?
genetic differences and or environmental factors
51
what causes the genetic differences that intern cause variation ?
mutation - sudden changes which can be passes on meiosis random fusion of gametes
52
what are examples of variation caused by the environment ?

biology (10 decks)

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