CLASSIFICATION AND SYSTEMATICS Flashcards by Khine Hailey Llena

Is the grouping and ordering of organisms according to
artificial, natural and phylogenetic relationship.

CLASSIFICATION

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The science that finds, identifies, describes, classifies, and
names plants.

PLANT TAXONOMY

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It involves relationships
between plants and their evolution, especially at the
higher levels

PLANT SYSTEMATICS

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It deals with the
actual handling of plant specimens

PLANT TAXONOMY

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The determination of the identity of an unknown plant by
comparison with previously collected specimens or with the aid of books or identification manuals.

PLANT IDENTIFICATION

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The placing of known plants into groups or categories to
show some relationship

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

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A formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in
the form of a scientific paper

PLANT DESCRIPTION

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Based on the superficial characters which do not show or determine relationship

ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION

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It group living organisms
together according to their sharing of one or few unifying
character. The characters are selected first, then the
plants are grouped based on the criteria selected.

ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

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Classification based on characters which show
morphological or structural
relationship

NATURAL CLASSIFICATION

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Artificial classification based on type of nutrition

AUTOTROPHIC PLANT
HETEROTROPHIC PLANT

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Plants that can manufacture their own food

AUTOTROPHIC PLANT

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Plants that cannot manufacture their own food

HETEROTROPHIC PLANT

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Example of heterotrophic plant

PITCHER PLANT

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Classification based on water requirement

MESOPHYTES
XEROPHYTES
HYDROPHYTES
HALOPHYTES

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Plants that can withstand very little amount of water

XEROPHYTES

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Plants that require moderate supply of water

MESOPHYTES

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Plants which requires water with high salt content

HALOPHYTES

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Plant that required abundant supply of water

HYDROPHYTES

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Example of a mesophyte plant

Daisy

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Example of halophyte plant

SALT MARSH GRASS

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Example of hydrophyte plant

WATER LILIES

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Example of xerophyte plant

CACTUS

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Classification based on habitat

AQUATIC PLANT
TERRESTRIAL PLANT
AERIAL PLANT

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Plants that lives in water

AQUATIC PLANT

Plants that lived attached to the plant

AERIAL PLANT

Plants that live on land

TERRESTRIAL PLANT

Classification based on body appearance

- TREES - SHRUBS - HERBS - VINES

Woody plants with a relatively short main stem giving off many branches

SHRUBS

Plants with soft stem

HERBS

Woody plants with a single main stem and which is commonly 20 feet or more in height

TREES

Climbing or twinning plants with soft or hard stems

VINES

Classification based on life span

- ANNUALS - BIENNIALS - PERENNIALS

Plants grow for several to many years , producing a new crop of seed each year after the first few years

PERENNIALS

Plants grow for one season only which their seeds are produced and then they die

ANNUALS

Plants grow vegetatively during the first season and do not produce seeds until the second year, after which they die

BIENNIALS

Suffix of family

ACEAE

Suffix for order

ALES

Suffix for class

OPSIDA

Suffix for phylum/division

PHYTA

Also called as domain

SUPER KINGDOM

Archaea and bacteria is

PROKARYOTES

Eukarya is

EUKARYOTES

Also called as ancient bacteria

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Which kingdom is being asked? – Prokaryotic – Unicellular – No nuclear membrane – Without chloroplast – With cell wall (non-cellusoic) – Heterotrophic or chemoautotrophic – Many are extremophiles – Do not form spores

ARCHAEBACTERIA

What kingdom of life is being described? – Eukaryotic – Multicellular – With nuclear membrane and membrane- bound organelles – Heterotrophic through ingestion – Has no cell wall

ANIMALIA

Also called as true bacteria

EUBACTERIA

What kingdom of life is being asked? – Prokaryotic – Unicellular – No nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles – Without chloroplast – With cell wall (peptidoglycan) – Some produce spores

EUBACTERIA

What kingdom of life is being asked? Eukaryotic – Multicellular – With nuclear membrane and mebrane- bound organelles – With chloroplast – Autotrophic through photosynthesis – With cell wall (cellulose)

PLANTAE

What kingdom of life is being asked? Eukaryotic – Mostly unicellular – With nuclear membrane and membrane bound organelles – Some with chloroplast – Some with cell wall (cellusoic or various types) – Autotrophic and heterotrophic by absorption and phagocytosis

PROTISTA

Also called as myceteae

FUNGI

What kingdom of life is being asked? - Eukaryotic – Unicellular or multicellular – With nuclear membrane and membrane- bound organelles – No chloroplast – Heterotrophic through absorption – With cell wall (chitin & cellulose)

FUNGI

These are plants without vascular or conducting tissues

NON-VASCULAR PLANT

These are the simplest form; body and thallus is not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves

THALLOPHYTES

– Contains chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis – Many of them are motile and able to move around

PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS

Division pyrrophyta is also called

GONIAULAX

Division euglenophyta is also called

TRACHELOMONAS

Division chrysophyta is also called

DIATOMS

Division rodophyta is also called

GALAXAURA

Division phaeophyta

PADINA

Division chlorophyta

CAULERPA

Who added protoctista on the kingdom concept in 1866?

- JOHN HOGG - ERNST HAECKEL

When was fungi separated from others (Kingdom fungi) ?

1959

When was the intro of prokaryotes/eukaryotes?

1930's

What are the kingdom proposed by Whittaker?

- ANIMALIA - FUNGI - PROTISTA - MONERA - PLANTAE

Who proposed animalia, plantae, fungi, monera, and protista kingdom?

WHITTAKER

When was the kingdom archaebacteria added on the kingdom concept?

1990

Found growing on damp organic materials like bread and ripe fruits

SUBDIVISION ZYGOMYCOTINA

Scientific name of black mold (under subdivision zygomycotina)

RHIZOPUS SPECIES

- Found in grassy places - can make a poisoned bait for killing fireflies by crashing the cap in milk or sprinkling it in sugar

SUBDIVISION BASIDIOMYCOTINA

Scientific name of fly agaric mushroom (under subdivision basidiomycotina)

AMANITA MUSCARIA

- Responsible for the spoilage of fruits (especially citrus) - Produces the flavoring in camembert cheese

SUBDIVISION ASCOMYCOTINA

Fungus-like protist: Eumycophta

TRUE FUNGI

Fungus-like protist: Deuteromycota

IMPERFECT FUNGI

- Lack sexual phase in reproduction - The parasites that cause diseases on plants, animals, and human beings

DEUTEROMYCOTA

Causes a disease of the beard and moustache (white piedra)

TRICHOSPORON BEIGELI

Associated with dandruff

PITYSPORUM OVALE

Causes the human disease called meningitis

CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS

Associated with skin diseases

CANDIDA SPECIES

Slime fungi

MYXOMYCOTA

You can find the species all throughout the world

MYXOMYCOTA

Found on top of a of during summer; appears like moving, as there is a trail behind it

FULIGO SEPTIC

Found growing on a soft spongy wood

CERATIOMYXA FRUTICULOSA

Substances such as water and dissolved minerals are simply move and diffuse from cell to cell. They are commonly small plants and those with longer stems are infrequently longer than eight centimeters

BRYOPHYTA

Importance of bryophyta

- Serve as ornamental plants in rock garden and stone walls. - Helps to slow erosion - Aids in water retention in soil. - Converts to fuel (Peat moss is dried and burned. It is rich in carbon).

A whisk fern has water and food-conducting tissues but lacks true leaves and roots. The whisk ferns can grow in most climates. It thrives in areas that have moist soil. The fern will also need to be kept away from direct, bright sunlight

DIVISION PSILOTOPHYTA

Fern, any of several non-flowering vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and complex leaves and that reproduce by spore

DIVISION PTERIDOPHYTA

The club mosses are small, creeping, terrestrial or epiphytic, vascular plants, which lack flowers and reproduce sexually by spores. Club mosses are vascular plants with erect stems that bear spores in club-shaped, cone-like structures

DIVISION LYCOPODIOPHYTA

Horsetails are generally small "strange" looking plants. They grow from perennial creeping rhizomes, from which grow a single hollow, jointed stem, with bristlelike branches growing from the joints

DIVISION EQUISETOPHYTA

Importance of seedless vascular plants

- Produces broom. - Serves as scrub kitchen utensils. - Becomes an ornamental plant

- Seed bearing plants which do not produce flowers. - are a group of plants which produce seeds that are not contained within an ovary or fruit. - gymnosperms are a group of plants which produce seeds that are not contained within an ovary or fruit

GYMNOSPERMAE

Gymnosperm came from the greek words

GYMNOS "NAKED", SPERMA "SEED"

Are animal-like and are classified by how they move. They are also heterotrophs and a single-celled organisms

PROTOZOANS

Is fungus-like and decompose organic material. They get their nutrition from dead organisms. It is both single-celled and multi-celled organisms. They are heterotrophs

MOLD

Are plant-like and are classified by their color. They are also autotrophs and both single-celled and multi-cell organism

ALGAE

- They store food as starch, fats and oil. - Some are photosynthetic; others are heterotrophic. - They produce a powerful poison that causes “red tide”. - Toxin produces (Gymnodinium) interferes with the sodium exchange mechanisms that cause a depolarization of nerve and muscle membranes. - Pyrrophyta - Flame colored. - Sometimes termed as “dinoflagellate” because of Forward spiraling swimming motion. - Population explosion of dinoflagellates causes the water to turn to reddish brown color known as “red tide”. Certain species produces neurotoxins.

DIVISION PYRROPHYTA

- They store food which is called paramylum. - They undergo photosynthesis but if sunlight is not available, they can live as heterotrophs, absorbing nutrients of decaying organic matter. - Can cause filter clogging. - Indicates pollution and eutrophication in fresh water, ponds and lakes. - Good indicator on the presence of iron in industrial waste (lorica). - Contains flagellum which helps them to swim. They can often be found in swimming pools around the world that are not regularly cleaned.

DIVISION EUGLENOPHYTA

the process by which a body of water becomes enriched in dissolved nutrients that stimulate the growth of aquatic plant life usually resulting in the depletion of dissolved oxygen

EUTROPHICATION

hard protective case secreted by certain protists.

LORICA

- Stored food is chrysolaminarin, fats and oil. - Predominant pigments are carotenes and xanthophylls. - Manufactured into polish for silverwares, metals and automobile. - Serve as primary food supply of the sea or “Grass of the Sea”. - Diatoms don't have the appropriate enzymes to form starch. In place of starch, diatoms forms oils and chrysolaminarin

DIVISION CHRYSOPHYTA

- Resembles fungi but their cellular structure is more like protists. - Absorbs nutrients from dead or decaying matter. - Lack chitin on their cell walls.

FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST

- Contains chlorophyll a & b. - Stored food is in the form of starch. - Serve as human food. - Good source of vitamin E. - The green algae. Glucosamine is the main component of cell wall. They usually form symbiotic relationships with fungi producing lichens.

DIVISION CHLOROPHYTA

- Stored food is called mannitol and laminarin. - Contains chlorophyll a & c. - Possess a brown accessory pigment called fucoxanthin. - Direct food source - Important in the cosmetics industry (algin). - The brown algae. - Phaeophyta are the most complex forms of algae. The cell walls are composed of cellulose and alginic acid (a complex polysaccharide). Unlike green algae or Chlorophyta, they lack true starch. The food reserves contain sugar, higher alcohol and other complex forms of polysaccharides.

DIVISION PHAEOPHYTA

- Contains floridean starch, as stored food. - Contains chlorophyll and phycobilins, a reddish accessory pigment. - Produces agar - Prevents disintegration of canned fish and meat while cooking. - Stabilizes sherbets, mayonnaise, icing and candies. - Phycobilin reflect red light and; - The major carbohydrate storage product of red algae is a type of starch molecule (Floridean starch) that is more highly branched than amylopectin. Floridean starch is stored as grains outside the chloroplast absorb blue light.

DIVISION RODOPHYTA

The gymnosperms consist of the conifers, the cycads, the gnetophytes and the sole extant species of the Gynkgophyta division, the Gingko biloba. True or false

TRUE

- Typical pine trees, seeds in cones. Conifers - Conifers, are the most numerous of the gymnosperms; woody and with vascular tissue, these are cone bearing trees and shrubs. - Conifers can be found growing in all parts of the world, although they most notably dominate the boreal forests of the northern hemisphere. Many are adapted to cold climatic conditions, with downward facing branches, which help to shed snow, and specific biochemical properties that provide resistance to freezing. - Examples of conifers include pines, yews, redwoods, spruces, firs and cedars. - The conifer forests of the world cover huge areas of land and provide the largest terrestrial carbon sink. Conifers are also valued economically; their softwood is used for the production of paper and timber, they are used to cultivate pine nuts, and the berries of the juniper bush are used to flavor gin

DIVISION PINOPHYTA OR CONIFEROPHYTA

- Tough, palm like evergreen leaves. Large crown of compound leaves, straight rough trunk. During the Jurassic period, they are relatively common. Cycads - Cycads: the appearance of the cycads typically constitutes a single, stout, cylindrical, woody trunk and a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen compound leaves, which grow directly from the trunk in a rosette formation. - The cycads are dioecious, meaning that each individual plant iseither all male or all female. - The cycads are partly xerophyte, which means they are adapted to survive in areas with very little liquid water, although their distribution largely centers around the subtropical Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, as well as tropical regions such as Central and South America, China and South East Asia, India and Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and Tropical and Southern Africa. - The cycads were much more numerous in the past than today, peaking in ‘the age of the cycads’ the Jurassic period. There are only three extant families within the cycads today: the Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae and Zamiaceae.

DIVISION CYCADOPHYTA

- Decussate leaves, resembles dicot because of double fertilization. Gynetophytes - Are distinguishable within the gymnosperms because they have vessel elements, a system of channels mostly found in the angiosperms, which transport water within the plant. - Covering 70 species over three genera, the gnetophyta are morphologicallyvariable, including trees, shrubs, stumps, vines and creepers with leaf shapes ranging from opposite, to whorled, scale-like and straplike. - The distribution is determined by the genus: Welwitschia are unique to the Namib Desert and surrounding areas in South West Africa; Gnetum are found in tropical forests; and Ephedra are found mostly in arid or desert areas of South West America, North Africa, Southern Europe and Central Asia

DIVISION GNETOPHYTA

- Ginkgo biloba. Trivia National tree of China - maiden hair tree - Ginkgo: The closest relatives to the cycads, Gingko is a genus of gymnosperm of which Gingko biloba is the sole extant species. - Gingkos are large, slender, shade-intolerant trees, growing up to 160ft with distinctive fan-shaped leaves. They are deep rooted and resistant to damage from wind and snow. They are also resistant to disease and insect damage, owing to an exceptionally large genome, which enables antibacterial and chemical defense mechanisms. - Gingko first appears within the fossil record in the Permian period, 270 million years ago, and the Gingko biloba remains largely unchanged today, earning it a classification as a ‘living fossil’.

DIVISION GINGKOPHYTA

Importance of gymnospermae

- Serves as food for the dinosaurs during the Mesozoic era (especially its young leaves). - Becomes ornamental and used as vegetable gum, and serves as main source of logs and lumber. (Timber- woos suitable for carpentry, hard type of wood) - Posts importance like the importance given by timber trees. - Becomes materials for sounding boards of musical instruments.

- seed bearing plants which produce flowers - whose seeds develop within a surrounding layer of plant tissue, called the carpel, with seeds attached around the margin

ANGIOSPERMAE

Angiosperm came from the greek words

ANGEION "VESSE", SPERMA "SEED"

Monocotyledonous plants

DIVISION LILIOPHYTA

Dicotyledonous plants

DIVISION MAGNOLIOPHYTA

Most commonly used angiosperms

- FAMILY LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAM) - FAMILY LAMIACEAE (MINT FAM) - FAMILY APIACEAE (CARROT FAMILY) - FAMILY CACTACEAE (CACTUS FAMILY) - FAMILY CUCURBITACEAE (PUMPKIN FAM) - FAMILY EUPHORBICAEAE (SPURGE FAM) - FAMILY PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAM) - FAMILY SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAM)

Some of them possesses toxic compounds except for the parts that are edible

FAMILY SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAM)