Classification + Biodiversity

Question 1

Biodiversity:-

Answer 1

A measure of the number of different species and the number of individuals in each species in a given environment.

Question 2

Species:-

Answer 2

A group of organisms with a large number of common characteristics and could be interbred to produce fertile offspring

Question 3

Spacial biodiversity variation:-

Answer 3

Biodiversity generally increases moving towards the equator with the greatest biodiversity found in the tropics. Tropical rain forests and coral reefs = most diverse habitats in world.

Question 4

Biodiversity variation over time:-

Answer 4

Can increase or decrease due to:-
Sucession
Natural selection
Human influence

Question 5

Sucession(3):-

Answer 5

• Over time a community of organisms changes its habitat, making it more suitable for other species.
• This change in composition of a community over time is called succession.
• It increases animal biodiversity but ultimately decreases plant biodiversity.

Question 6

Human influence on ocean biodiversity:-

Answer 6

Over fishing has depleted fish stocks.

Question 7

Human influence on tropical rainforest biodiversity:-

Answer 7

Deforestation for farming, roads and industry has destroyed habitats.

Question 8

Human land misuse influence on biodiversity:-

Answer 8

Trampling by cattle w/ increased temp due to climate change has increased area of deserts.

Question 9

Human pollution influence on biodiversity:-

Answer 9

Rivers poluted with industrial chemicals e.g. Yangtze River Dolphin extinct in 2006.

Question 10

Significance of biodiversity:-

Answer 10

• A small number of plant species provide staple foods e.g. wheat and rice.
• Living organisms provide important raw materials e.g. rubber/cotton.
• medicinal drugs are derived from plants and fungi e.g. digoxin for heart disease comes from digitalis (foxglove).
• As biodiversity decreases, we lose potential undiscovered resources.

Question 11

3 levels of assessing biodiversity:-

Answer 11

Habitat level- counting no. of individuals and species.
Genetic level-examining genes.
Molecular level- examining DNA and proteins.

Question 12

Genetic level assessing:-

Answer 12

Examining all the alleles in the gene pool of a population rather than individuals

Question 13

Gene pool:1

Answer 13

All the different alleles of all the diff genes in a population. No of different alleles in pool of species = genetic diversity.

Question 14

Gene locus:-

Answer 14

A gene’s position on a chromosome

Question 15

Polymorphic genes:-

Answer 15

More than 1 allele at the same locus.

Question 16

Polymorphism:-

Answer 16

The occurrence of more than 1 phenotype in a population that cannot be caused by mutations.

Question 17

Sampling techniques:-

Answer 17

Quadrats
Transects
Sweep nets
Kick sampling in a stream.

Question 18

Simpson’s diversity index:-

Answer 18

Gives value between 0 and 1. Higher value= higher biodiversity.

Question 19

Molecular level assessing:-

Answer 19

Done using DNA sample fingerprinting and sequencing. Sometimes base sequence mutations occur, giving rise to non-coding sequences that give a unique DNA fingerprint. Can accumulate across generations, giving rise to a quite different DNA profile. Comparing these in different organisms shows how closely related they are. Greater difference= greater biodiversity.

Question 20

DNA fingerprint/profile:-

Answer 20

Terms for a pattern unique for each individual, related to the base sequence of their DNA.

Question 21

Natural selection:-

Answer 21

The gradual process in which inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population, in response to the environment determining the breeding success of individuals possessing those characteristics.
Theorised as reason for evolution by Darwin in 1859.

Question 22

Natural selection stages(6):-

Mario Very Cleanly Sprints Really Pacily

Answer 22

Mutation.
Variation.
Competitive advantage.
Survival of the fittest.
Reproduction.
Pass advantageous alleles onto offspring.

Question 23

Adaptation:-

Answer 23

The changes in species, as a useful characteristic becomes more common.
Specific characteristic = adaptive trait.

Question 24

Adaptation types:-

Answer 24

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioural

Question 25

Classification:-

Answer 25

The arrangement of organisms into discrete and hierarchical groups with other closely related species.

Question 26

Taxonomy:1

Answer 26

The branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms.

Question 27

Phylogenetic tree:-

Answer 27

Shows evolutionary history of diff species and indicates common ancestors and lines of descent. Closer branches= more recent point of divergence from common ancestor and therefore, the closer the evolutionary relationships.

Question 28

Linnaean taxonomy:-

Answer 28

Basis of system used today. Made by Carl Linnaeus. Uses hierachy approach and a binomial system.

Question 29

Order for hierachical classification (use Dominic King Palethorpe Chokes On Families' Gay Spunk)

Answer 29

``` Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species ```

Question 30

Hierarchical system exta info:-

Answer 30

Each feoup has unique features (discrete, no overlap). Organisms more closely related going down group.

Question 31

Binomial system:-

Answer 31

Capitalised gemus followed by lower case species. Written in italics or underlined.

Question 32

3 advs of binomial system:-

Answer 32

Unambiguous naming. Based in Latin so avoids confusion of local common names and different languages. Shows relation by sharing parts of names.

Question 33

Tentative nature of classification systems:-

Answer 33

Based on current knowledge so it may alter as new evidence emerges leading to organisms changing groups.

Question 34

Need for classification system (4):-

Answer 34

* if a new animal is discovered, we can predict some of its other characteristics. * easier to identity organism by a name. * conservationists find it more useful to count families than species when describing changes in an ecosystem. * phylogenetic system allows us to infer evolutionary relationships by putting them in the same taxon.

Question 35

Taxon:-

Answer 35

A group within this classification hierachy and is a collection of organisms sharing basic features.

Question 36

3 domains:-

Answer 36

Bacteria(eubacteria):- often called true bacteria. Archaea(archaeabacteria):extremophile bacteria. Eukaryota. 3 DOMAIN THEORY.

Question 37

5 kingdoms:- (use FAPPP)

Answer 37

``` Fungi Animalia Plantae Protoctista Prokaryotae ```

Question 38

Prokaryotae:-

Answer 38

All bacteria. All unicellular, no membrane bound organelles. Murein cell wall

Question 39

Protoctista:-

Answer 39

May have characteristics of animal or plant cells or both. Mostly unicell but can be multi(seaweed or algae). Membrane bound organelles.

Question 40

Plantae:-

Answer 40

Plants

Question 41

Fungi:-

Answer 41

Can be uni (yeast) or multi (mushroom). Chitin cell walls.

Question 42

Animalia

Answer 42

Animals

Question 43

Classes:-

Answer 43

``` Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals ```

Question 44

Homologous structures:-

Answer 44

Structures that all share a common form. Used w/molecular data to construct phylogenetic trees. Derived from common ancestor, structurally the same but may be adapted to a diff function.

Question 45

Homologous structure example:-

Answer 45

Pentadactyl limb (5 digits) found in mammals, birds reptiles and amphibians. E.g. Human arm and bird wing structurally the same but have adaptation to a different function.

Question 46

Divergent evolution:-

Answer 46

When a common ancestral structure evolves to perform different functions.

Question 47

Analogous structures:-

Answer 47

Have the same function but don't share the same structure and aren't derived from a common ancestor.

Question 48

Convergent evolution:-

Answer 48

The tendency of unrelated organisms to acquire similar physical structures (in response to their environment).

Question 49

Species:-

Answer 49

A group of organisms with similar physical characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Question 50

Gel electrophoresis:-

Answer 50

DNA fragments or proteins are displayed as bands on an electrophoresis gel. DNA SEQUENCING. Can reduce mistakes made in classification due to convergent evolution.