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Progression Exam ~ Biology > Classification & Evolution > Flashcards

Classification & Evolution Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Two PROBLEMS with using COMMON NAMES to name species

A
  • The same species can have a different
    common name in different places
  • Different species can have the same
    common name
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2
Q

Carl Linnaeus introduced ..

A

LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM:

DOMAIN ~ Archaea, Eubacteria, & Eukaryotae

KINGDOM ~ Prokaryotate, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista

PHYLUM ~ organisms with the same body plan

CLASS ~ organisms with the same general traits

ORDER ~ Herbivora, Carnivora, Omnivore

FAMILY ~ a group of closely related genera

GENUS ~ a group of closely related species

SPECIES ~ a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce live, fertile offspring

( Do Keep Pond Clean Or Frogs Get Sick)

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3
Q

Taxonomic System

A

In the Linnaeus classification system, each organism is based on a number of different groups ~ TAXONOMIC GROUPS

  • Each individual group ~ TAXON
  • Together ~ TAXA
  • HIERARCHICAL ~ broadest group at the top and the most specific at the bottom.
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4
Q

5 Kingdom System

A
  • Prokaryotae
  • Animalia
  • Plantae (These 4 are all EUKAROTES)
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista
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5
Q

Kingdom ~ Prokaryotae

A
  • Unicellular organisms
  • No nucleus
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • DNA forms a circular loop and is not
    bound to histone proteins
  • Small 70s ribosomes
  • Obtain nutrients by absorption or photosynthesis
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6
Q

Kingdom ~ Animals

A
  • Multicellular organisms
  • HETEROTROPHIC ~ get their nutrients by ingesting other organisms
  • MOVEMENT ~ protein contraction e.g muscles , or cilia e.g wafting dust out of lungs
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7
Q

Kingdom ~ Plants

A
  • Multicellular
  • AUTOTROPHIC ~synthesise their own food by photosynthesis
  • Most cannot move, but a few can, e.g venus fly trap
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8
Q

Kingdom ~ Fungi

A
  • Multicellular or unicellular
  • HYPHAE ~ fine threads , forming a largr mass ~ MYCELIUM
  • CANNOT MOVE or photosynthesis
  • SAPROTROPHIC ~ absorb nutrients from around them, often decaying matter
  • Use GLYCOGEN as a storage form of gucose
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9
Q

Kingdom ~ Protoctista

A
  • DIVERSE kingdom containing organisms that do not fit into any of the other kingdoms

Can be:

  • UNICELLULAR or MULTICELLULAR
  • HETEROTROPHIC , e.g amoeba
  • AUTOTROPHIC , e.g euglena
  • PARASITES , e.g giardia

MOVEMENT ~ can move by cilia or flagella, some have not active mechanism

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10
Q

Carl Woese proposed …

A

New taxonomic group ~ DOMAIN

  • Based on rRNA, enzymes, ribosomes & flagella.

BACTERIA ~ eubacteria

ARCHAEA ~ archaebacteria

EUKARYA ~ animalia , plantae, fungi & Protoctista

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11
Q

Phylogeny & Phylogenetics

A

PHYLOGENY ~ the evolutionary relationships between organisms

PHYLOGENETICS ~ the study of evolutionary relationships

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12
Q

Phylogenetic tree ~ FEATURES

A
  • Used to represent the EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS between organisms
  • Based on DNA sequence COMPARISIONS

FEATURES:

  • Time flows from the bottom of the tree to the top
  • NODES ~ branch points , show a common ancestor of the descendants from that node
  • SISTER GROUPS ~ two descendants from the same node

COMMON ANCESTOR:
- At the base
- All species on the same phylogenetic tree can trace their evolutionary history to this common ancestor

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13
Q

Phylogenetic tree ~ WHAT IT SHOWS & ADVANTAGES

A

SHOWS:

  • how DIFFERENTLY species can evolve from a common ancestor
  • how CLOSELY related species are in terms of evolution

ADVANTAGES:

  • Confirms the classification of an organism by other methods , e.g appearance
  • Not base on grouping organisms ~ unlike taxonomic classification
  • Do not face the problem of an organism not fitting neatly into a given group
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14
Q

Niche

A

The ROLE of each species in an ecosystem

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15
Q

Species

A

A group of individual organisms that are very similar in:

  • Appearance
  • Anatomy
  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

That can FREELY INTERBREED to produce FERTILE offspring

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16
Q

CONVERGENT SPECIES ~
- Why does it make classification by observable features more difficult?
- Example

A

When two UNRELATED SPECIES have SIMILAR FEATURES as a result of evolving ADAPTIONS to the SAME ENVIRONMENT.

PROBLEM:
- Two different species might be classified into the same taxonomic group by mistake

PLACENTAL & MARSUPIAL MOLE:
Both evolved to:
- Live underground
- have spade-like forelimbs for digging
- narrow streamlined body and velvety fur to move easily through soil

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17
Q

Binomial Naming System & its Advantage

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A

A system that uses the GENUS and SPECIES name to avoid confusion when naming organisms.

  • Written in ITALICS or UNDERLINED
  • GENUS name is first and must be
    CAPITALIZED
  • The SPECIES is second and is NOT
    capitalized

ADVANTAGE:

UNIVERSAL ~ an organisms binomial name is the same everywhere in the world.

18
Q

Define CLASSIFICATION

Study These Flashcards
A

The process of naming & organising organisms into TAXONOMIC GROUPS based on their characteristics

19
Q

Evidence used in Classification ~ BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

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A
  • Some are found in all organisms but not always identical in every species
  • Assume that the earliest living things all had identical versions of these molecules
  • The differences between these molecules in different species reflect EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
20
Q

Evidence used in Classification & Evolution ~ Cytochrome C & DNA

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A

CYTOCHROME C:

  • A protein used in the process of
    AEROBIC RESPIRATION
  • Found in virtually ALL EUKARYOTIC
    organisms
  • Amino acids essential for its function ~ nearly always the same between different organisms ~ HIGHLY CONSERVED
  • Amino acids not essential for function ~ can change between species as they evolve
  • Compare the amino acid sequences of cytochrome C from different species an ~ concludes how closely related they are

DNA:

  • Found in all living organisms
  • Provides the GENETIC CODE which is
    UNIVERSAL ~ same for all organisms

The MORE differences in the DNA sequence:
- The species have evolved separately for a
longer time
- less closely related

21
Q

Natural Vs Artificial classification

Study These Flashcards
A

NATURAL:
- Uses many characteristics
- Reflects evolutionary relationships
- Provides more useful information
- May change with advancing knowledge

ARTIFICIAL:
- Based on a few characteristics
- Does not reflect evolutionary relationships
- Provides limited information

22
Q

Charles Darwin

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A
  • Scientist in 1800s
  • Expedition around South America & The Galapagos Islands
  • Collected specimen including small birds called FINCHES
  • Proposed that BEAK SHAPE had evolved depending on the food available
  • VARIATION between the same species found on different islands

SHORT , LARGE BEAK:
- Break open sees for food
- more likely to survive & reproduce
- offspring inherit this characteristic over
time

23
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

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A
  • Scientist

Interested in :
- the evolution of WARNING COLOURS
- how new species form

  • Developed a theory of evolution VERY SIMILAR to Darwin’s
24
Q

Darwin’s observation & conclusions

Study These Flashcards
A

OBSERVATIONS :

  • Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
  • No two individuals are identical
  • Organisms have the ability to produce a large number of offspring
  • Populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size

CONCLUSIONS:

  • Some organisms are better adapted to their environment
  • Survive & reproduce
  • Pass down advantageous characteristics to offspring
  • Population evolves
  • Changes give rise to a NEW SPECIES
25
Evidence for Evolution ~ Fossils
FOSSILS : - Remains of organisms preserved in rock - Support the idea that complex organisms evolved from simpler organisms SIMPLER ORGANISMS ~ found in older & deeper rock layers COMPLEX ORGANISMS ~ found in younger rock near the surface - Comparing modern day organisms with fossils, we can show they share a COMMON ANCESTOR
26
Why is the fossil record incomplete?
FORMATION ~ requires very specific conditions which are uncommon RARE ~ some organisms do not fossilise, e.g animals without a skeleton DESTROYED ~ by geological processes, e.g volcanic activity
27
Evidence for Evolution ~ Comparative anatomy
- Comparing the BODY STRUCTURES of different species HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES ~ appear differently on the surface but have the same interna structure, Example ~ Pentadactyl Limb -Adapted to serve different functions in different organisms - Known as DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
28
INTERspecific Vs INTRAspecific Variation
INTERspecific: - Differences between different species - Often very significant - Examples ~ body chape, how they reproduce INTRAspecific: - Differences between members of the same species - Less pronounced
29
Genetic Variation
- Caused by the genetic material that an organism inherits - Two different members of the SAME species may inherit different ALLELES of a gene
30
Mutations
Changes that take place in the DNA sequence of a gene. - Can lead to GENETIC VARIATION - Mutations that take place in a body cell ~ do not affect gametes , cannot be passed on to offspring
31
Genetic variation in organisms that reproduce ASEXUALLY Vs SEXUALLY
ASEXUALLY: - Mutations are the only way genetic variation can increase SEXUALLY: - Mutations - Offspring receive alleles from two different species - Each gamete is genetically different - Fertilisation of gametes is a random process
32
Environmental Variation & combination effects
ENVIRONMENTAL: - Differences caused by the environment Examples: - Scars - Hydrangea colour ~ blue in acidic soil, pink in alkaline soil COMBINATION: - Height ~ influenced by genetics and diet
33
CONTINUOUS Variation
- Features lie within a set RANGE - Most individuals are close to the MEAN value - CONTROLLED by SEVERAL genes working together (POLYGENES) - Influenced by the ENVIRONMENT - HISTOGRAM used to display values Examples: - height - length of leaves - length of stalk - number of flagella in bacterium
34
DISCONTINUOUS/DISCRETE Variation
- A feature can only have SPECIFIC values with no intermediate values - CONTROLLED by a SINGLE GENE - NOT influenced by the environment - BAR CHART used to display values Examples: - Gender - Bacteria either have a flagella or do not - Human blood groups
35
Adaptions ~ 3 types
The CHARCTERISTICS of an organisms that allows it to SURVIVE and REPRODUCE in its habitat. 3 Types: - anatomical - behavioural - physiological
36
ANATOMICAL Adaptions
Adaptions to the physical features of an organism. Examples: Eyespots ~ evolved to mimic the appearance of eyes thereby confusing predators Marram grass ~ - adapted to live in xerophytic conditions - leaves roll up with stomata inside - moist air is trapped
37
BEHAVIOURAL Adaptions
Adaptions in how an organism ACTS or BEHAVES. INNATE : - passed on through genes - e,g web building in spiders LEARNED: - e.g primates learn to use sticks to probe the insect COMBINATION
38
PHYSIOLOGICAL Adaptions
Adaptions to the way organisms BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES function Examples ~ ANTIFREEZE PROTEINS - Present in plants, insects and fish that live in cold environments - Prevent ice crystals from forming which could be fatal
39
Selection Pressures
SELECTION PRESSURE ~ factors that affect the survival of organisms in an environment. - These factors lead to the process of NATURAL SELECTION Examples: - Food - Space - Water - Predators - Infectious diseases - Adverse weather conditions
40
STAGES of natural selection
1. In any population of organisms there is VARIATION 2. Due to the alleles present within the population (GENE POOL) 3. MUTATIONS lead to new, advantageous alleles 4. Individuals with these advantageous alleles have characteristics that give them a better chance of SURVIVAL & REPRODUCTION 5. These advantageous alleles are passed onto OFFSPRING 6. Overtime, the advantageous allele has increased in the gene pool 7. Can eventually lead to the development of a NEW SPECIES
41
How can natural selection lead to antibiotic & pesticide resistance?
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: - The presence of antibiotics was a selection pressure driving natural selection - Lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria PESTICIDE RESISTANCE: - Pesticides act as a selection pressure - natural selection led to the development of pesticide resistance - Leads to the accumulation of the pesticide in the food chain

Progression Exam ~ Biology (12 decks)

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