Classification of Injuries

Question 1

Compressive Force

Answer 1

A force which produces a crushing or squeezing type of force resulting in soft tissue or bony injury

Question 2

Tension Force

Answer 2

A force which pulls or stretches tissue or bone in the opposite direction

Question 3

Shear Force

Answer 3

A force parallel to a plane passing through the object which tends to cause sliding or displacement

Question 4

Inflammation

Answer 4

Is the fundamental reaction designed to Protect, Localize, and Rid the body of injured tissue in preparation for healing and repair

Question 5

S.H.A.R.P

Answer 5

Swelling
Heat
Altered Function
Redness
Pain

Question 6

I.C.E.R

Answer 6

Ice
Compression
Elevation
Rest

Question 7

Contusion

Answer 7

A bruise/hematoma
- Can involve soft tissue or bone
- Categorized by degree of severity

Question 8

Periostitis

Answer 8

The inflammation of the covering of a bone
- Often appears as skin rigidity of the overlying muscles

Question 9

Myositis Ossificans

Answer 9

An inflammatory disease of a muscle marked by a bony deposit within the muscle in response to trauma

Question 10

Ecchymosis

Answer 10

The escape of blood into the tissue from ruptured blood vessels

Question 11

Intermuscular Hematoma

Answer 11

Swelling between the muscles
- swelling able to move and there is great potential for colour
Etiology:
- Direct blow
- Contact with an opponent or an object

Question 12

Intramuscular Hematoma

Answer 12

Swelling deep to fascia and the surrounding muscle
- hard to break up because the swelling is well confined
Etiology:
- Direct blow
- Contact with an opponent or an object

Question 13

Sprain

Answer 13

The stretching or tearing of the supporting connective tissues including the joint capsule and supporting ligaments
Etiology:
- Direct trauma
- Indirect trauma to a joint causing stress on the ligaments

Question 14

First Degree Sprain

Answer 14

Signs/Symptoms
- Slight if any swelling
- Transitory pain at the time of the injury
- Mild point tenderness (size of a dime)
- Little to no discolouration
- Transitory loss of function primarily due to SHARP
- Stress of ligament causes pain but little laxity

Question 15

Second Degree Sprain

Answer 15

Signs/Symptoms
- Moderate to severe swelling
- Moderate to severe pain
- Localized tenderness
- Discolouration
- Loss of function
- Stress of ligament causes pain and some degree of laxity but with a stoppage or ‘End Feel’ of the ligament

Question 16

Third Degree Sprain

Answer 16

Signs/Symptoms
- Moderate to severe swellign
- Severe pain at time of injury (possible no pain)
- Diffuse palpable tenderness
- Ecchymosis
- Loss of function
- Stress of ligaments shows complete loss of joint stability

Question 17

Strains

Answer 17

Local tissue trauma to the muscle, musculotendinous unit or the muscle tendon from an excessive forcible contraction of overstretch

Question 18

First Degree Strain

Answer 18

Signs/Symptoms
- Slight Swelling
- Pain is localized
- Slight loss of Strength
- Slight loss of flexibility
- Little or no discolouration

Question 19

Second Degree Strain

Answer 19

Signs/Symptoms
- Measurable swelling
- Indefinable pain (General)
- Moderate loss of strength (graded)
- Moderate loss of flexibility
- Obvious discolouration

Question 20

Third Degree Strain

Answer 20

Signs/Symptoms
- Visible, apparent swelling
- Severe pain
- Complete loss of range of motion or excessive motion
- Obvious discolouration
- Muscle bunching
- Athlete will hear snap

Question 21

Circumference

Answer 21

The measurement of girth and swelling at and around a joint

Question 22

Extensibility

Answer 22

Placing the affected muscle on stretch
The degree of pain and restriction is an indicator of the severity of the injury

Question 23

Contractibility

Answer 23

Testing for a weakness in muscle where the muscle cannot contract sufficiently

Question 24

Dislocations

Answer 24

Result from forces causing the joint to go beyond the joints normal anatomical limits

Question 25

Subluxations

Answer 25

Partial dislocations which spontaneously reduce themselves

Question 26

Neuropraxia

Answer 26

The mildest form of nerve injury with little to no disruption of the nerve sheath and the axon remains intact Signs/Symptoms - Numbness and tingling - Weakness and atrophy

Question 27

Axonotmesis

Answer 27

Disruption of the axon and surrounding endoneurial sheath Temporary paralysis --> nerve will regenerate up to 80%

Question 28

Neurotmesis

Answer 28

Damage to most of the nerve structures including; the axon, the myelin and the surrounding connective tissue Recovery is poor - 30-40%

Question 29

Fracture

Answer 29

A complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of an excessive external force

Question 30

Salter-Harris Fracture

Answer 30

A fracture near or through the epiphysis or epiphyseal plate and can affect a growing bone

Question 31

Closed Fracture

Answer 31

There is a break in the bone with or without deformity, but the skin has not been penetrated

Question 32

Open Fracture

Answer 32

The bone is protruding through the skin

Question 33

Greenstick Fracture

Answer 33

Incomplete breaks in bones that have not completely ossified, such as the bones of adolescents

Question 34

Comminuted Fracture

Answer 34

Fracture that consists of three or more fragments at the fracture site

Question 35

Linear Fracture

Answer 35

The bone splits along its length

Question 36

Transverse Fracture

Answer 36

Occur in a straight line, more or less at right angles to the bone shaft

Question 37

Oblique Fracture

Answer 37

Occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting while the other end is fixed

Question 38

Spiral Fracture

Answer 38

Fractures that have an S-shaped separation

Question 39

Impacted Fracture

Answer 39

Long bone to receive, directly on its axis, a force of such magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed

Question 40

Avulsion Fracture

Answer 40

The separation of a bone fragment from its cortex at an attachment of a ligament or tendon

Question 41

Blowout Fracture

Answer 41

Occur to the wall of the eye orbit as a result of a blow to the eye

Question 42

Serrated Fracture

Answer 42

The two bony fragments have a saw-tooth, sharp-edged fracture line

Question 43

Depressed Fracture

Answer 43

Occur most often in flat bones, such as those found in the skull

Question 44

Contrecoup Fracture

Answer 44

Occur on the side opposite the point at which trauma was initiated

Question 45

Osteochondritis Dissecans

Answer 45

Occur when a fragment of cartilage and underlying bone detach from the articular surface of the bone resulting in the fragment moving around the joint and potentially "locking" the joint in flexion or extension

Question 46

The Ottawa Ankle Rules

Answer 46

Ankle X-ray only required if pain by palpation occurs in: - The distal malleolar region - The base of the fifth metatarsal - The navicular bone - Unable to weight bear