classification of joints

Question 1

joint cavity

Answer 1

Space enclosed by the articular capsule of a synovial joint that is filled with synovial fluid and contains the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones.

Question 2

functional classifications

Answer 2

describe the degree of movement available between the bones, ranging from immobile, to slightly mobile, to freely moveable joints. The amount of movement available at a particular joint of the body is related to the functional requirements for that joint.

Question 3

structural classification of joints

Answer 3

based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity.

Question 4

3 structural classification

Answer 4

-fibrous joint
-cartilaginous joint
-synovial joint

Question 5

fibrous

Answer 5

is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective tissue

Question 6

cartilaginous joint

Answer 6

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Question 7

synovial

Answer 7

the articulating surfaces of the bones are not directly connected, but instead come into contact with each other within a joint cavity that is filled with a lubricating fluid. Synovial joints allow for free movement between the bones and are the most common joints of the body.

Question 8

3 functional classifications

Answer 8

-synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis

Question 9

synarthrosis

Answer 9

• immobile
• provides for a strong union between the articulating bones
• provide protection for internal organs
• examples: sutures, the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull that surround and protect the brain

Question 10

amphiarthrosis

Answer 10

• limited mobility
• An example of this type of joint is the cartilaginous joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. Filling the gap between the vertebrae is a thick pad of fibrocartilage called an intervertebral disc

Question 11

diarthrtic

Answer 11

-mobile
These types of joints include all synovial joints of the body, which provide the majority of body movements. Most diarthrotic joints are found in the appendicular skeleton and thus give the limbs a wide range of motion.

Question 12

multiaxal diarthrotic

Answer 12

• allows for movement along 3 axes
• shoulder and hip bone
• allow the upper or lower limb to move in an anterior-posterior direction and a medial-lateral direction
• limb can also be rotated around its long axis. This third movement results in rotation of the limb so that its anterior surface is moved either toward or away from the midline of the body

Question 13

intervertebral disc

Answer 13

An intervertebral disc unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the vertebral column. Each disc allows for limited movement between the vertebrae and thus functionally forms an amphiarthrosis type of joint. Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage and thereby structurally form a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint.

Question 14

three types of fibrous joints

Answer 14

• suture
• Syndesmosis
• Gomphosis

Question 15

ligament

Answer 15

Strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together

Question 16

suture

Answer 16

all bones in skull except for mandible are held together by suture fibrous joints

Question 17

skull sutures are functionally classified as

Answer 17

synarthrosis

Question 18

interosseous membrane

Answer 18

Wide sheet of fibrous connective tissue that fills the gap between two parallel bones, forming a syndesmosis; found between the radius and ulna of the forearm and between the tibia and fibula of the leg

Question 19

syndesmosis purpose and mobility

Answer 19

• serves to unite parallel bones and prevent separation
• no movement between bones- amphiarthrosis

Question 20

gomphosis

Answer 20

the specialized fibrous joint that anchors the root of a tooth into its bony socket within the maxillary bone (upper jaw) or mandible bone (lower jaw) of the skull

Question 21

periodontal ligament

Answer 21

dense connective tissue between the bony walls of the socket and the root of the tooth

Question 22

functional classification of gomphosis

Answer 22

synarthrosis- no mobility

Question 23

cartilaginous joints

Answer 23

adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue.
- lack a joint cavity, joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Question 24

synchondrosis

Answer 24

• cartilaginous joints
• joined by hyaline cartilage
• Also classified as a synchondrosis are places where bone is united to a cartilage structure, such as between the anterior end of a rib and the costal cartilage of the thoracic cage
• hyaline cartilage: smooth and made of short collagen fibers embedded in a chondroitin sulfate ground substance.

Question 25

symphysis

Answer 25

bones are joined by fibrocartilage - fibrocartilage: made of thick bundles of collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate ground substance.

Question 26

The hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) forms:

Answer 26

a synchondrosis that unites the shaft (diaphysis) and end (epiphysis) of a long bone and allows the bone to grow in length.

Question 27

The pubic portions of the right and left hip bones of the pelvis are joined together by:

Answer 27

fibrocartilage, forming the pubic symphysis.

Question 28

what is a synchondrosis?

Answer 28

cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage. - temporary or permanent

Question 29

example of temporary synchondrosis

Answer 29

- epiphyseal plate (growth plate) of a growing long bone - unites the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end of the bone)

Question 30

how does epiphyseal plate contribute to bone growth

Answer 30

epiphyseal plate contains growing hyaline cartilage which gradually turns to bone, causing bone to lengthen

Question 31

when does epiphyseal plate stop growing?

Answer 31

- stops growing in late teens to early 20s - when cartilage stops growing, plate is replaced by bone, fusing diaphysis and epiphysis

Question 32

why is epiphyseal plate considered a temporary synchondrosis

Answer 32

- eventually replaced by bone, lengthening stops once epiphyseal plate fuses

Question 33

what is another example of temporary synchondrosis

Answer 33

unite the ilium, ischium, pubic portions of hip bone during growth are temporary. these fuse into a single adult hip bone once growth stops

Question 34

permanent synchondrosis example

Answer 34

first sternocostal joint, where first rib is attached to the maubrium of the sternum by costal cartilage, and joints between ribs and their costal cartialge

Question 35

what is symphysis

Answer 35

cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by fibrocartilage which is stronger than hyaline cartilage and allows for limited movemetn

Question 36

why is fibrocartilage stronger than hyaline cartilage

Answer 36

contains thick collagen fibres, making is stronger and better able to resist pulling and bending forces

Question 37

what is an example of a symphysis within a narrow gap

Answer 37

pubic symphysis, where pubic portions of the right and left hip bone and joined by fibrocartilage across a narrow gap

Question 38

example of symphysis with a wider gap?

Answer 38

intervertebral symphysis, located between vertebrae in the spine, where a thick intervertebral disc unites the bones

Question 39

what role does the intervertebral disc play?

Answer 39

cushions the vertebrae, allowing small movements and absorbing shock- important during high impact activities

Question 40

how is symphysis classified functinonally

Answer 40

amphiarthrosis- limited movement

Question 41

what is a synovial joint

Answer 41

- most common - presence of a joint cavity - allows for smooth and flexible movement

Question 42

what key features distinguish synovial joints from fibrous and cartilaginous joints

Answer 42

- joint cavity - fluid filled space where articulating surfaces of bones contact eacother

Question 43

what is articular capsule

Answer 43

- is a fibrous connective tissue structure that forms the walls of the joint cavity and attaches to each bone just outside the articulating surface

Question 44

function of articular cartilage is synovial joints

Answer 44

thin layer of hyaline cartilage, covers surfaces of bones, reduces friction and prevents bone damage during movement

Question 45

what is synovial membrane

Answer 45

- lines inner surface of the articular capsule and secrets synovial fluid to lubricate the joint and nourish the articular capsule

Question 46

role of synovial fluid

Answer 46

- lubricates joint - reduces friction - provides nourishment to articular cartilage, which lacks blood vessels

Question 47

synovial joints functional classification

Answer 47

diarthrosis

Question 48

how are bones connected at synovial joints?

Answer 48

connected by ligaments, strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that anchor the bones together and prevent separation

Question 49

how do muscles and tendons contribute to joint support?

Answer 49

muscles and tendons act across joints to provide additional support. - tendons attach muscles to bones and as forces on a joint increase, muscle contractions strengthen to help resist forces and stabilize joints

Question 50

function of muscles acting as "dynamic ligaments"

Answer 50

- muscles can act as dynamic ligaments by increasing their contraction strength in response to higher forces on the joints - offer additional support in joints like the shoulder where ligaments are weak

Question 52

what is articular disk

Answer 52

- fibrocartilage structure between articulating bones - unite bones - shock absorption and cushion - like ink needs meniscus

Question 53

function of meniscus in knee joint

Answer 53

- provides shock absorption and cushioning between bones - helps reduce wear and tear during movement

Question 54

what is a bursa

Answer 54

A bursa is a thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating fluid. It is located near joints, where skin, ligaments, muscles, or tendons can rub together, and reduces friction between these structures.