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MMI 133 > Classification of Microbes > Flashcards

Classification of Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

hierarchy of biological organization

A

organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cell - organelle - cellular infrastructure - macro-molecules - organic monomers

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2
Q

organism

A

a single living thing (may be single-celled or multi-cellular)

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3
Q

organ system

A

a collection of organs that share a common function (e.g. digestive system)

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3
Q

organ

A

a specialized structure formed of one or more tissues (e.g. the small intestine)

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4
Q

tissue

A

a collection of specialized cells (e.g. the mucosa (lining) of the small intestine)

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5
Q

what is a cell

A

a cell is the basic functional and structural unit of all living things

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6
Q

important functions of the cell

A
  • provide structure for the body
  • take in nutrients from food and convert them into energy
  • carry out specialized functions
    -contain the body’s hereditary material and can make copies of themselves
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7
Q

enzymes are

A
  • large complex molecules (usually proteins) that catalyze metabolic reactions
  • a catalytic protein
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8
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan (bacterial cell wall)

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9
Q

enzymes speed up

A

metabolic reactions

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10
Q

catalyst

A

is a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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11
Q

proteinase

A

digests protein (aka protease)

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12
Q

DNAse

A

digests DNA

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13
Q

ATP synthase

A

synthesizes ATP

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14
Q

collagenase

A

used by some pathogenic bacteria to break peptide bonds in collagen (connective tissue)

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15
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

used by HIV virus to transcribe its RNA genome to DNA

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16
Q

DNA replication

A

a DNA genome is copied

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16
Q

transmission of information in cells

A

DNA - RNA - Proteins

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17
Q

transcription

A
  • an RNA copy of a gene is made
  • RNA is made using a DNA template
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18
Q

translation

A
  • the RNA sequence is used to make a polypeptide (sequence of amino acids = a protein)
  • the ribosome translates the code from the ‘language’ of nucleotides (RNA) to the language of amino acids (proteins)
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19
Q

DNA replication main enzyme

A

DNA polyamerase

20
Q

the enzyme involved in transcription

A

RNA polyamerase

21
Q

three domains of life

A

eukarya, archaea, bacteria

22
Q

what is a species

A
  • species is Latin for “kind” or appearance
  • generally speaking, a species is defined as a population whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring
23
Q

species

A

classification based on physical, metabolic and genetic characteristics

24
Q

strain

A

a genetic subtype of a microorganism

25
Q

serotype (serovar)

A

a distinct variation within a species distinguished by characteristic antigens (surface molecules on a cell recognized by the immune system)

26
Q

variant

A

a subtype that is genetically distinct from a reference organism, but not sufficiently different to be termed a distinct strain

27
Q

binomial nomenclature system

A
  • itallicized or underlined
  • each organism has two names: Genus and species
  • Genus (capitalized), species (lowercase)
28
Q

virus nomenclature

A

species name = disease/descriptor virus (e.g. rabies virus)

29
Q

living organisms include

A
  • prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea)
  • eukaryotes (fungi, animal parasites)
30
Q

non-living organisms include

A

replicating viruses and prions, and non-replicating toxins

31
Q

prokaryotes- archaea

A

no known pathogens

32
Q

prokaryotes- bacteria

A
  • ‘simple’ single-celled organisms
  • no nucleus or internal organelles
  • most posses a cell wall containing peptidoglycan
33
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • have a nucleus
  • single-celled and multi-cellular organisms
34
Q

eukaryotes- animalia

A
  • multicellular, ingest nutrients
  • sponges, worms, vertebrates and invertabrates
  • no cell wal
35
Q

eukaryotes- plantae

A
  • multicellular, photosynthetic
  • mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants (some algae)
36
Q

eukaryotes- fungi

A
  • absorb nutrients, form hyphae if multicellular
  • yeasts, molds, mushrooms
  • cell walls containing chitin
37
Q

eukaryotes- protists (protozoa)

A
  • unicellular organisms
  • not easily categorized
38
Q

viruses and prions- non-living infectious agents

A

cannot reproduce on their own

39
Q

virus

A

nucleic acid coated in protein (and sometimes membrane)

40
Q

prion

A

proteins gone bad

41
Q

viral species

A

population of viruses with similar characteristics and that occupy a particular ecological niche

42
Q

toxins- non-living, non-infectious disease agents

A
  • not cellular, so are not classified in hierarchical system
  • they can cause adverse health in humans, animals or plants
43
Q

toxins can be

A

produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, or other living organisms such as plants and animals

43
Q

plasma/ cell membrane

A

the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

43
Q

nucleus

A

the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes

44
Q

cell wall

A

a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism.

44
Q

cilia/flagella

A

are motile cellular appendages found in most microorganisms and animals, but not in higher plants. In multicellular organisms, cilia function to move a cell or group of cells or to help transport fluid or materials past them.

45
Q

ribosome

A

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

46
Q

lysosome

A

a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

MMI 133 (6 decks)

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