CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS

Question 1

It is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

Answer 1

Taxonomy

Question 2

The term ________ means arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities.

Answer 2

Classification

Question 3

A Greek philosopher and biologist who lived during the 3rd Century BCE, classified several hundred plants into such groups as herbs, shrubs and trees.

Answer 3

Theophrastus

Question 4

_______, a Greek philosopher and biologist who lived
during the 3rd century BCE, classified several hundred plants
into such groups as ______, ______, and _______.

Answer 4

Theophrastus; herbs, shrubs, trees

Question 5

was a Roman military surgeon in the 1st century CE who traveled with the Roman army

Answer 5

Dioscorides

Question 6

Dioscorides wrote the ______________, a book that described some _____ species of medicinal plants.

Answer 6

Materia Medica; 600

Question 7

The Materia Medica was widely used as a medical reference for about _____ years until the end of the __________.

Answer 7

1500; middle ages

Question 8

When was the printing press with movable metal type invented?

Answer 8

1448

Question 9

early botanical works known as _________ were printed

Answer 9

herbals

Question 10

what centuries did European explorers introduced hundreds of new plants from other continents to Europe.

Answer 10

16th and 17th centuries

Question 11

When was the classification system designed?

Answer 11

mid-18th century

Question 12

A Swedish botanist who designed the classification system.

Answer 12

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 13

In _______, which was published in by Linnaeus described all the plants known in his time, some ______ species and provided each with binomial name.

Answer 13

Species Plantarum; 7300 species

Question 14

Linnaeus based his system of classification in ______, on visual observations of flower parts.

Answer 14

Species Plantarum

Question 15

Linnaeus noted that all flowers of the same kind of plant contain the same number of ______.

Answer 15

Stamens

Question 16

Prior to Linnaeus, scholars used ______ sentences up to _____ words long to describe each type of plant.

Answer 16

Latin; 12

Question 17

Found in meadows and along roadsides and the edges of woods and are also popular garden plants.

Answer 17

Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana)

Question 18

Linnaeus’ most significant contribution to biology is

Answer 18

Binomial nomenclature

Question 19

A system of naming organisms based on a unique two-part name for each.

Answer 19

Binomial nomenclature

Question 20

The first part of the name designates the _______, and the addition of the second part, the specific epithet, designates the _______.

Answer 20

genus; species

Question 21

The ___________ is usually a word that describes some particular quality of the organism.

Answer 21

Specific epithet

Question 22

The ______(_____)_ name can be used alone to designate all species in the genus, but the __________ is never used alone; it is always preceded by the full or abbreviated
generic name.

Answer 22

generic (genus), specific epithet

Question 23

Both names (scientific name) must be ______ and _______.

Answer 23

underlined, italicized

Question 24

Scientific name of corn

Answer 24

Zea mays

Question 25

Scientific name for the white oak

Answer 25

Quercus alba

Question 26

Scientific name for the European white water lily

Answer 26

Nymphaea alba

Question 27

Scientific name for the white willow

Answer 27

Salix alba

Question 28

Scientific names are generally composed from ______ or ______ roots or from ________ versions of the names of persons, places or characteristics.

Answer 28

Greek, Latin, Latinized

Question 29

Scientific name for ivy

Answer 29

Hedera canariensis

Question 30

Scientific name for Sugar maple

Answer 30

Acer saccharum

Question 31

In some parts of the United States, Sugar maple is also called ________ or _________.

Answer 31

Hard maple or Rock maple

Question 32

Scientific name of four-o'clock

Answer 32

Mirabilis jalapa

Question 33

Four-o'clock (Mirabilis jalapa) is also called _________ or __________.

Answer 33

marvel-of-peru, beauty-of-the-night

Question 34

Complete scientific name for the Spiderwort

Answer 34

Tradescantia virginiana Linnaeus

Question 35

Latin name for "maple"

Answer 35

Acer

Question 36

a Moravian Jesuit who studied Asian plants

Answer 36

George Kamel

Question 37

Genus that is derived from George Kamel

Answer 37

Camellia

Question 38

From the Greek word kapto, meaning “to bite” (refers to the hot taste)

Answer 38

Capsicum

Question 39

Perhaps for Felipe Gil, an 18th-century Spanish botanist

Answer 39

Gilia

Question 40

Latin name for "ivy"

Answer 40

Hedera

Question 41

Greek name for "mallow"

Answer 41

Hibiscus

Question 42

From the Greek words for “membrane” and “beauty”, in reference to the stamens, which are joined by a membrane

Answer 42

Hymenocallis

Question 43

From the Latin word for “wonderful”

Answer 43

Mirabilis

Question 44

After Nymphe, a water nymph

Answer 44

Nymphaea

Question 45

Latin name for “pitch”, a resin produced by spruce

Answer 45

Picea

Question 46

Pyrus

Answer 46

From the Latin word for “pear”

Question 47

Latin name for “oak”

Answer 47

Quercus

Question 48

Latin name for “willow”

Answer 48

Salix

Question 49

English gardener and botanist

Answer 49

John Tradescant

Question 50

derived from John Tradescant

Answer 50

Tradescantia

Question 51

From zingiberi, named by Dioscorides from an Indian word

Answer 51

Zingiber

Question 52

is the basic unit of classification but not the smallest taxonomic group in use.

Answer 52

species

Question 53

If they can interbreed, however, they are not truly separate species but are known as ________.

Answer 53

subspecies

Question 54

Plants that are produced using techniques such as selective breeding are called ________.

Answer 54

cultivars

Question 55

Another term for selective breeding

Answer 55

artificial selection

Question 56

The term cultivar is an abbreviated form of

Answer 56

cultivated variety

Question 57

A cultivar is produced while under ________, whereas a subspecies is a geographically distinct population that evolves by _________.

Answer 57

cultivation, natural selection

Question 58

Two cultivars of peaches, which is a nectarine

Answer 58

Prunus persica cv. Rosea and Prunus persica cv. Early Flame

Question 59

(TAXONOMIC LEVEL) Classification is _________; the narrowest category in the Linnaean system is the _______, and the broadest is the ________.

Answer 59

hierarchical, species, kingdom

Question 60

Closely related species are grouped in the next higher level of classification, the _______

Answer 60

genus pl. genera

Question 61

TAXONOMIC LEVEL (HIGHEST TO LOWEST)

Answer 61

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 62

Most taxonomists identify organisms primarily on the basis of ________ features.

Answer 62

structural

Question 63

taxonomists have developed special guides known as _________ to aid in the identification of unknown plants.

Answer 63

dichotomous key

Question 64

A dichotomous key consists of a series of two _____ statements made about plant

Answer 64

contrasting

Question 65

is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their natural evolutionary relationships.

Answer 65

Systematics

Question 66

A ______ seeks to construct the evolutionary history, or phylogeny, of organisms.

Answer 66

systematist

Question 67

If all the plants within a taxonomic group share the same common ancestor, the group is referred to as _______

Answer 67

monophyletic (one branch)

Question 68

_______________ are natural groupings, as they represent true evolutionary relationships, and they include all close relatives

Answer 68

Monophyletic groups

Question 69

Many groups are _________, consisting of several evolutionary lines and not including a common ancestor.

Answer 69

Polyphyletic

Question 70

From the time of Aristotle to the mid-19th century, biologist divided the living world into two kingdoms, ______ and _______.

Answer 70

plants, animals

Question 71

With the development of __________, it became increasingly obvious that many organisms could not easily be assigned to either the plant or the animal kingdom.

Answer 71

microscopes

Question 72

Unicellular organism _______, which has been classified at various times in the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom, carries on photosynthesis in the light but in the dark uses its flagellum to move about in search of food.

Answer 72

Euglena

Question 73

A German biologist, ___________ , suggested that a third kingdom be established.

Answer 73

Ernst Haeckel

Question 74

Third kingdom established

Answer 74

kingdom Protista

Question 75

Simple and ambiguous organisms, such as ______ and most __________, including Euglena, were classified in the kingdom Protista

Answer 75

bacteria, microorganisms

Question 76

Today, many biologists place ______, including multicellular forms, ________, _________ and _________ in kingdom Protista

Answer 76

algae, protozoa, water molds, slime molds

Question 77

Protists are a diverse group of mainly _________, mainly _______.

Answer 77

unicellular, aquatic organisms

Question 78

example of organisms under the kingdom Protista

Answer 78

Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

Question 79

In the 1930s, a French biologist suggested the term _______ (“_____ nucleus”) to describe bacteria, and the term eucatiotique (“____ nucleus”) to describe all other cells.

Answer 79

procariotique (before), eucatiotique (true)

Question 80

the French biologist that suggested the terms prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Answer 80

Édouard Chatton

Question 81

In the year _____, advances in electron microscopy and biochemical techniques revealed basic cellular differences that inspired many new proposals for classifying organisms.

Answer 81

1960s

Question 82

In 1969, he ______________ proposed a five-kingdom classification.

Answer 82

R.H. Whittaker

Question 83

the proposed five-kingdom classification based mainly on cell structure and the ways that organisms obtain nutrition from their environment.

Answer 83

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Question 84

___________ was established to accommodate the bacteria, which are fundamentally different from all other organisms in that they are prokaryotic and lack distinct nuclei and other membranous organelles

Answer 84

Kingdom Monera

Question 85

fungi (such as mushrooms, molds and yeasts) are classified as a separate kingdom known as __________

Answer 85

Kingdom Fungi

Question 86

fungi are not part of the plant kingdom because fungi are ___________ and obtain energy by _________ nutrients.

Answer 86

non photosynthetic, absorbing

Question 87

Fungi also differ from plants in the composition of their _________, in __________, and in ____________.

Answer 87

cell walls, body structure, reproduction

Question 88

DNA studies by __________ and other beginning in the late _________ revealed that there are two groups of prokaryotes.

Answer 88

Carl Woese, 1970s

Question 89

two groups of prokaryotes, the more familiar _________ and the distinctive _________, each merit their own kingdom.

Answer 89

Bacteria, Archaea

Question 90

The current six-kingdom scheme

Answer 90

Bacteria (most prokaryotes); Archaea (some prokaryotes found in extreme environments); Protista (algae, protozoa, water molds, and slime molds); Plantae (plants); Fungi (mushrooms and other fungi); and Animalia (animals).

Question 91

Most biologist also use a level of classification above the kingdom, called _____, based on fundamental molecular differences among the bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes.

Answer 91

domain

Question 92

Domain is based on fundamental molecular differences among the _________, __________ and __________.

Answer 92

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

Question 93

Biologist have inferred that the three domains are the three main branches of the tree of life.

Answer 93

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes

Question 94

Domain Archaea is apparently more closely related to the domain ________ than it is to the domain ________.

Answer 94

Eukarya, Bacteria

Question 95

Common ancestor of all living organisms

Answer 95

Domain Eukarya

Question 96

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms (protists, plants, fungi and animals)

Answer 96

Domain Eukarya

Question 97

The domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms adapted to extreme conditions, such as very hot or very salty environments

Answer 97

Domain Archaea

Question 98

The domain of metabolically diverse, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms

Answer 98

Domain Bacteria