Classification of skills Flashcards
Knapps definition of a skill
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty often with the minimum outlay of time or energy or both
Difference between skill and ability and their interaction
Skill is learned or acquired through practice or experience.
Ability is innate or inherited through genes.
Abilities underpin skill, so is the limiting factor to how skilful we can
become
3 Types of Skill
Cognitive Skills - Involves thought process and intellect including knowledge of the rules, and using tactics and strategies to outwit an opponent.
Perceptual Skills - Detection and interpretation of the environment to make sense of the information via the senses to decide which skill to attempt.
Motor Skills - Smoothly executing physical movements and responses
5 characteristics of skilful performance
Fluent – skills are done in one fluid motion
Pre-determined – the skill is thought out beforehand
Aesthetic – The correct technique looks good
Co-ordinated – body parts are co-ordinated to complete the skill
Efficient – no energy is wasted whilst doing the movement
What are simple skills
Simple skills have a limited amount of information to process. The skill has a smaller cognitive or (thinking) element.
Few subroutines or few decisions to make
Little information to process
Time to evaluate situation
Feedback not essential
E.g. Volleyball set
What are complex skills
A complex skill involves a high level of decision making and has a large cognitive or (thinking) element to it.
Large amounts of information to process or decisions to be made
The complexity of which can be perceived differently by different
individuals
Require a large number of (interlinked) subroutines, some of which may be habitual and learned
Short time to evaluate situation
Feedback aids the performance
E.g. Bicycle kick
What are open skills
An open skill is one that is affected by the sporting environment. The performer has to make decisions in response to their surroundings.
Very much affected by the unstable, changing environment
Require constant perceptual monitoring
Perceptual movement patterns require adjustment (adaptation)
Externally paced environment
E.g. Netball 2 v 1 in the D
What are closed skills
A closed skill involves less decision making because it has
a predictable environment. The performer can take their time to execute the skill.
Not affected by the enviroment
Prelearned and habitual
Self paced
Occur in a predictable stable environment
The technical requirements of the skill conform to a specific
E.g. golf drive
What are discrete skills
Well defined beginning and end
Usually brief in nature – a single specific skill
If the skill is repeated, the performer has to start at the beginning
E.g. Weight lifting
What are serial skills
A number of discrete skills to make a series/sequence
Order in which the distinct elements are put together is very important
Each movement is both stimulus and response
E.g. triple jump
What are continuous skills
Cannot be split up into subroutines or easily distinguishable parts
Activity continues for an unspecified time
End of movement is the beginning of next repetition
E.g. Running
What are Externally-paced skills
The speed and precision with which the skill is executed are
controlled by :
– the environment / surroundings of the performer
– opposing teams or individuals in a game
– or the weather or wind conditions
More open skills
E.g. Dive in swimming
What are Self-paced skills
The rate of action is controlled by the performer
The performer decides when to initiate the movement
More closed skills
E.g. Tennis serve
What are skills with low organisation
Are uncomplicated and have little organisational structure
Subroutines tend to be discrete and easily identified/isolated
Subroutines may be practised separately
E.g. Gymnastics routine
What are skills with high organisation
Have a complex organisational structure
Subroutines are closely linked
Subroutines cannot be practised separately (the skill must be practised as a whole)
Require far more attention and concentration to be performed successfully
E.g. Volley in football
