Classification of Tissues (Ex. 6) [Lab] Flashcards
1
Q
What are tissues?
A
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
2
Q
What are the four primary tissue types?
A
- epithelium
- connective tissue
- nervous tissue
- muscle
3
Q
What are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function called?
A
tissues
4
Q
What is the organizations of tissue in the body? (Smallest->Largest)
A
1- molecules/chemicals
2- organelles
3- cells
4- tissues
5- organs
6- organ systems
5
Q
What kind of tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways/body cavities and chambers and forms glands?
A
epithelial tissue/epithelium
6
Q
How does epithelial tissue occur in the body?
A
- covering and lining epithelium
- glandular epithelium
7
Q
What are the functions of an epithelium?
A
- protection (skin)
- controls permeability
- [absorption (lining of stomach, small intestine)
- filtration (kidney tubules)
- excretion (kidney tubules)
- secretion (kidney tubules)]
- sensory reception (glandular epithelium)
8
Q
What characteristics distinguish epithelial tissues from the other types?
A
- polarity (apical/exposed vs basal/internal surface)
- specialized contacts/cellularity (membranes bounded by special junctions)
- supported by connective tissue (adhesive basement membrane; basal vs reticular lamina)
- avascular but innervated (nerves but no blood supply, dependence on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue)
- regeneration (division to regenerate tissue)
9
Q
What refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces?
A
polarity
10
Q
Epithelia cells are bounded closely together by interconnections known as what?
A
cell junctions
(in other tissue types, cells are often widely separated by extracell.)
11
Q
The base of an epithelium is bounded to a basement membrane.
When the membrane adheres to the basal surface, what does it establish and help resist?
A
- establishes the cell’s border
- resists stretching
12
Q
What are the covering and lining epithelia classified arrangements?
A
- simple epithelia (one layer)
- stratified epithelia (two or more layers)
13
Q
What two criteria classify covering and lining epithelia?
A
- arrangement/number of layers
- cell shape
14
Q
What are the covering and lining epithelia classified cell shapes?
A
- squamous (scalelike)
- cuboidal (cubelike)
- columnar (column-shaped)
15
Q
What covering and lining epithelial gives off a false appearance of being stratified?
A
pseudostratified epithelium (simple columnar; nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane)
16
Q
What is the appearance and shape of a pseudostratified epithelia layer?
A
simple columnar (also often ciliated)
17
Q
What covering and lining epithelial has the ability to slide over other of its kind to allow the organ to be stretched?
A
transitional epithelium
18
Q
Fill in the blank:
Superficial transitional epithelium cells are ______ when the organ is full and ______ when the organ is empty.
A
- flattened
- rounded
19
Q
What is the appearance and shape of a transitional epithelia layer?
A
stratified squamous
20
Q
What are the two types of glandular epithelium?
A
- endocrine
- exocrine
21
Q
What material does hormones in the endocrine gland secrete into?
A
the extracellular fluid
22
Q
Which of the glandular epithelia glands are ductless? Which one is not?
A
- endocrine (ductless)
- exocrine (ducts)
23
Q
Where does hormones (after secretion) in the endocrine gland go?
A
blood or lymphatic vessel (weaved through the glands)
24
Q
Where do hormones in the exocrine gland go?
A
onto the body surface or into body cavities
25
What is the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types?
connective tissue
26
What type of tissue fills internal spaces, provides structural support for other tissues, transports material within the body and stores energy?
connective tissue
27
What are the functions of connective tissue?
* protect
* support
* insulate
* bind together other tissues of the body
28
What are the two subclasses under connective tissue proper?
* loose connective tissue
* dense connective tissue
29
What are the four main types of adult connective tissue?
* proper
* cartilage
* bond
* blood
30
What are the three different types of loose connective tissue?
* areolar
* adipose
* reticular
31
What are the three different types of dense connective tissue?
* dense regular
* dense irregular
* elastic
32
What kind of loose connective tissue provides insulation and storage of energy?
adipose (fat) tissue
33
What kind of loose connective tissue cushions and protects body organs?
areolar connective tissue
34
# W
What does areolar connective tissue provide to the body?
cushions and protects body organs
35
What does adipose tissue provide to the body?
* insulation (for the body tissues)
* source of stored energy
36
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
* common origin (derived from embryonic tissue)
* Rich blood supply (exceptions: cartilage & dense)
* large amount of extracellular matrix (between the cells of the connective tissue)
37
What two components make up the extracellular matrix found in connective tissue?
* ground substance
* fibers
38
What are the components of ground substance?
* interstitial fluid
* cell adhesion proteins
* proteoglycans
39
What's so special about ground substance?
the composition ranges significantly! (liquid, semisolid, gel-like, very hard)
40
What do fibers (in extracellular matrix) provide to the body?
support
41
What are the different types of fibers seen in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
* collagen (white) fibers
* elastic (yellow) fibers
* reticular (fine collagen) fibers
42
What is the most abundant fiber type in a connective tissue's extracellular matrix?
collagen (white) fibers
43
When some extracellular matrix is firm, the connective tissue cells reside where?
lacunae (cavities in the matrix)
44
All other connective tissue types are variations of what connective tissue type?
areolar connective tissue
45
What makes connective tissue more durable?
* firm ground substance
* tons of fibers
46
What are the supporting cells that protect, suppor, and insulate the more delicate neurons?
neuroglia
47
What are highly specialized cells that receive stimuli and generate electrical signals sent to different parts of the body?
neurons
48
What type of tissue carries information from one part of the body to another in the form of electrical impulses?
nervous tissue
49
What are highly specialized tissues that contract and produce most types of body movement?
muscle tissue
50
What type of tissue is specialized for contraction and includes the skeletal muscles of the body, heart, and muscular walls of holow organs?
muscle tissue
51
Do we have voluntary or involuntary control over skeletal muscle tissue?
voluntary
52
What are the three basic types of muscle tissue?
* skeletal
* cardiac
* smooth
53
Do we have voluntary or involuntary control over cardiac muscle tissue?
involuntary
54
What type of muscle tissue is attached to the skeleton?
skeletal muscle tissue
55
Do we have voluntary or involuntary control over smooth muscle tissue?
involuntary
56
What type of muscle tissue cell appears as long, cylindrical, nonbranching and multinucleate with striations?
skeletal muscle tissue
57
What type of muscle tissue moves the limbs nad other external body parts during contraction?
skeletal muscle tissue
58
What type of muscle tissue cell is multinucleate (several nuclei per cell)?
skeletal muscle tissue
59
Is a skeletal muscle tissue cell multinucleate (several nuclei per cell) or uninucleate?
multinucleate
60
What two basic types of muscle tissue appear to have striations?
* skeletal
* cardiac
61
What basic muscle tissue appears to have no striations?
smooth muscle
62
What basic muscle tissue is only found in the heart?
cardiac muscle tissue
63
What basic muscle tissue is responsible for propelling blood back into the blood vessels?
cardiac muscle tissue
64
What two basic types of muscle tissue cells are uninucleate?
* cardiac
* smooth
65
Is a cardiac muscle tissue cell multinucleate (several nuclei per cell) or uninucleate?
uninucleate
66
Is a smooth muscle tissue cell multinucleate (several nuclei per cell) or uninucleate?
uninucleate
67
What type of muscle tissue cell appears as branching uninucleate cells that interdigitate (fit together) at junctions called intercalated discs?
cardiac muiscle tissue
68
Cardiac muscle tissue cells branch together form at junctions called?
intercalated discs
69
What type of basic muscle tissue walls hollow organs and is two layered?
smooth muscle tissue
70
What type of basic muscle tissue constricts or dilates the cavity of an organ and propel substances?
smooth muscle tissue
71
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What type of muscle tissue cell appears as spindle-shaped uninucleate and non-striated?
smooth muscle tissue
72
Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs?
epithelial tissue
73
What are layers of cells that cover external or line internal surfaces?
epithelia
74
what are structures that produce fluid secretion and are either attached to or derived from epithelia?
glands
75
When referring to the two functional regions with specialized epithelial cells, what region includes both the base (basal surface) and the sides (lateral surface)?
basolateral surface
76
How do epithelial cells different from other body cells?
they have several structural specializations
77
# For the epithelium to perform it's functions, cells may be specialized.
What kind of specialization duties (relative to the epithelium's function) can individual epithelial cells specialize into?
* the movement of fluids over the epithelial surface
* providing protection and lubrication
* the movement of fluids through the epithelium, to control permeability
* the production of secretions that provide physical protection or act as chemical messengers
78
Motile cilia are characteristic of surfaces that are covered by what?
ciliated epithelium
79
What are the three factors that help maintain the physical integrity of an epithelium?
1. intercellular connections
2. attachment to the basement membrane
3. epithelial maintenance and repair
80
What type of tissue has nerves and receptors associated with it?
innervation
81
What is the basement membrane made out of?
- basal lamina (cells secreted by the epithelial)
- reticular fibers (cells secreted by connective tissue)
82
When looking at epithelial anatomy, what motile hairlike projections move material across the apical surface?
cilia
83
When looking at epithelial anatomy, what small finger like extensions increase the surface area to allow for more work to be done?
microvilli
84
In order for epithelial cells to work together and be attached to the basement membrane, there must be intracellular connections between the epithelial cells. What type of intracellular connection of epithelial cells anchor the cells together, usually near the apical surface, to prevent any outside molecules to move in between the cells?
tight junctions
85
When looking at epithelial histology, what do the dark patches represent?
intracellular connections/junctions
86
In order for epithelial cells to work together and be attached to the basement membrane, there must be intracellular connections between the epithelial cells. What type of intracellular connection of epithelial cells creates small passageways, usually near the basal surface, that allow protein, ions, and second messengers to go from one cell to another?
gap junctions
87
In order for epithelial cells to work together and be attached to the basement membrane, there must be intracellular connections between the epithelial cells. What type of intracellular connection of epithelial cells create a strong lateral connection between the cells to allow them to resist stretching, bending, twisting, or compression?
desmosome
88
Desmosomes help create a strong lateral connection between epithelial cells. What kind of anchor proteins reinforce the strong connection?
cell adhesion molecules (CAM)
89
What are the two types of desmosomes?
- spot desmosome
- hemidesmosome
90
What are the two types of desmosomes?
- spot desmosome
- hemidesmosome
91
what is the function of a spot desmosome?
ties adjacent epithelial cells together with the help of CAMs
92
What is the function of a hemidesmosome?
attaches an epithelial cell to an extra cellular structure with the help of the basement membrane (basal lamina & reticular fibers)
93
What are the eight basic types of epithelial cells?
1. simple squamous
simple cubodial
simple columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cubodial
stratified columnar
psuedostratified ciliated columnar
transitional
94
Under epithelial tissue classification, what type of basic shape appears as scales?
squamous
95
Under epithelial tissue classification, what type of basic shape appears as a cube?
cubodial
96
Under epithelial tissue classification, what type of basic shape appears longer and look like columns?
columnar
97
What is the functional difference between endocrine and exocrine glandular epithelial cells?
- endocrine: releases hormones into blood
- exocrine: releases substances (ex: mucous) into ducts
98
When structurally classifying glandular epithelial cells in exocrine glands, what type of glandular exocrine gland contains one single duct (it can heave branch but it stems from one singular duct)?
simple glands
99
When structurally classifying glandular epithelial cells in exocrine glands, what type of glandular exocrine gland contains several ducts that have their own branches?
compound glands
100
What are the eleven cells of connective tissue?
- fibroblast
- plasma cell
- Adipose
- large lymphocyte
- macrophage
- fibrocyte
- eosinophil
- neutrophil
- cell with pigment grandiose
- small lymphocyte
- mast cell
101
What’s between the cells in connective tissue?
extracellular matrix
