Classification Of Tumors

Question 1

abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which
exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues
and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the
stimuli which induced the change is ?

Answer 1

neoplasm

Question 2

Tumors are classified according to behavior into?

Answer 2

Benign tumors

– Malignant tumors

Question 3

clue for differentiation?

Answer 3

Morphology

Question 4

All tumors have two basic components?

Answer 4

1) The parenchyma, made up of transformed or neoplastic
cells. (2) The supporting non-neoplastic stroma, made up of
connective tissue, blood vessels, and host-derived
inflammatory cells.

Question 5

Nomenclature?

Answer 5

Benign tumors: In general, benign tumors are designated by attaching the suffix -oma to the cell type from which the tumor arises.

Malignant tumors
• Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells are called carcinomas
• Malignant neoplasms arising in “solid” mesenchymal tissues,
or its derivatives are called sarcomas

Question 6

benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is ?

Answer 6

fibroma

Question 7

benign cartilaginous tumor is

Answer 7

chondroma

Question 8

sarcomas,

-Exceptions

Answer 8

sarcomas, eg. Chondrosarcoma

-Exceptions

Question 9

malformation that presents as a mass of

disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site?

Answer 9

Hamartoma

Question 10

mass of mature but disorganized hepatic cells,

blood vessels, and possibly bile ducts within the liver?

Answer 10

Hamartoma

Question 11

may be a hamartomatous nodule in the lung

containing islands of cartilage, bronchi, and blood vessels ?

Answer 11

Hamartoma

Question 12

Features to distinguish between benign and malignant neoplasm:
?

Answer 12

1. Differentiation and anaplasia 2. Rate of growth 3. Local invasion 4. Metastasis

Question 13

extent to which they
resemble their normal counterparts morphologically and
functionally. ?

Answer 13

1.Differentiation

Question 14

1.Differentiation is seen in ?

Answer 14

parenchymal cells

Question 15

Benign neoplasms 1.Differentiation?

Answer 15

well­ differentiated

Question 16

Malignant neoplasms 1.Differentiation?

Answer 16

range of parenchymal cell
differentiation, from well differentiated to completely
undifferentiated (anaplastic) Between the two extremes lie tumors
referred to as moderately differentiated.

Question 17

Anaplastic features?

Answer 17

Pleomorphism (variation in size and shape of cells & their
nuclei) 2. Hyperchromatic large nuclei 3. Increased nuclear ­to­ cytoplasmic ratio (1 : 1 , normal 1 : 4 ) 4. Multi nucleated Giant cells. 5. Mitoses often are numerous and distinctly atypical; tripolar or
quadripolar mitotic figures ) 6. Fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one
another (i.e., they lose normal polarity).

Question 18

2.Rate of growth:

• Most benign tumor? most malignant?

Answer 18

grow slowly, / grow

much faster.

Question 19

Poorly differentiated tumors tend to ?

Answer 19

grow more rapidly

than do well­ differentiated tumors.

Question 20

grow more rapidly
than do well­ differentiated tumors.
?

Answer 20

benign

Question 21

It
does not have the capacity to infiltrate, invade, or metastasize to
distant sites.
?

Answer 21

benign

Question 22

progressive infiltration,
invasion, destruction, and penetration of the surrounding
tissue.
?

Answer 22

Malignant

Question 23

Means the development of secondary implants (metastases)

discontinuous with the primary tumor , ?

Answer 23

.Metastasis

Question 24

Not all cancers can metastasize ?

Answer 24

1. Basal cell carcinomas of the skin
2. Most primary tumors of the central nervous system, which are
   highly invasive locally but rarely metastasize.
3. Carcinoids
4. Giant cell tumor of bone

Question 25

30% of patients with newly diagnosed solid tumors present with?

Answer 25

clinically evident metastases.

Question 26

Malignant neoplasms disseminate by one of three path­ways?

Answer 26

Hematogenuos spread: 2.lympatic 3. Seeding within body cavities :

Question 27

Hematogenuos spread: ?

Answer 27

Through the blood and it is favored by sarcomas

Question 28

2.lympatic spread?

Answer 28

through the lymph and it is typical of | carcinomas

Question 29

the first regional lymph node that | receives lymph flow from a primary tumor ?

Answer 29

sentinel lymph node”

Question 30

sentinel lymph node” It can be identified by?

Answer 30

injection of blue dyes or radiolabeled tracers | near the primary tumor.

Question 31

frequently involved secondary sites in | hematogenous dissemination. ?

Answer 31

Liver and lungs

Question 32

Seeding within body cavities : | Examples ?

Answer 32

Characteristic of cancers of the ovary, which often cover the peritoneal sur­faces widely. • Neoplasms of the central nervous system, penetrate the cerebral ventricles and be carried by the cerebrospinal fluid to reimplant on the men­ingeal surfaces.

Question 33

Gross Features Benign tumors | ?

Answer 33

Well defined tumor margins • Cut section is uniform with no hemorrhage or necrosis • Usually, small. • Tumor arising in solid organs are ovoid, capsulated from compressed surrounding structures.

Question 34

Gross Features Malignant Tumors

Answer 34

Tumor margins are ill defined • Size variable. • Cut section shows hemorrhage and necrosis. • Not encapsulated usually. • Tumor arising from surface is either cauliflower , ulcerative, or infiltrative.

Question 35

have the same structural pattern as normal tissue. ?

Answer 35

Benign

Question 36

Cells of benign tumors are similar to the cell of origin. The only clue to being neoplastic is mass formation.

Answer 36

Benign

Question 37

adipocytes | separated by CT) ?

Answer 37

Benign Lipoma

Question 38

Thyroid adenoma | follicles

Answer 38

Benign

Question 39

Cells of benign tumors are similar to the cell of origin. The only clue to being neoplastic is mass formation. Eg?

Answer 39

leiomyoma (fibroid) is similar to smooth muscle of the uterus.

Question 40

MALIGNANCY FEATURES ?

Answer 40

• NUCLEAR SIZE (INCREASED N/C RATIO) • NUCLEAR SHAPE (PLEOMORHISM) • CHROMATIN COLOR (HYPERCHROMASIA) • CHROMATIN CLUMPS • M ITOTIC FIGURES • NUCLEOLI (M ACRONUCLEOLI OR PROMINENT NUCLEOLI

Question 41

``` It is hard to tell the origin of tumor cells, carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma or melanoma. We use? ```

Answer 41

Immunohistochemistry

Question 42

Plays a role in malignant tumors for identification of tumor | type, small biopsy or undifferentiated tumors. ?

Answer 42

Immunohistochemistry

Question 43

Immunohistochemistry of epithelial tumors ?

Answer 43

Cytokeratin

Question 44

Immunohistochemistry of mesenchymal tumors ?

Answer 44

Vimentin

Question 45

Immunohistochemistry of lymphoma?

Answer 45

Leukocytic Common Antigen (LCA

Question 46

Immunohistochemistry of melanoma?

Answer 46

Melan A,

Question 47

For tumor therapy, targeted and hormonal – Breast carcinoma which Immunohistochemistry is used ?

Answer 47

``` ER • PR • HER2 • KI67 • OTHERS ```

Question 48

Slower rate of growth • Local invasion without | distant metastasis. ?

Answer 48

Locally Malignant Tumors

Question 49

loss in the uniformity of the individual cells | and a loss in their architectural orientation.

Answer 49

Dysplasia

Question 50

Dysplasia occurs in ?

Answer 50

• It occurs mainly in the epithelia meneschymal

Question 51

It is a non-neoplastic process but a premalignant | condition.

Answer 51

Dysplasia

Question 52

Dysplasia properties?

Answer 52

is showing a degree of pleomorphism, incearse N:C ratio, hyperchromatism, increase mitosis, loss of polarity and disordered maturation or total failure of maturation • Dysplasia does not mean cancer. • Dysplasia does not necessary progress to cancer. • Dysplasia may be reversible. BUT Lack of invasiveness • Reversibility .

Question 53

The differences between dysplasia and cancer: ?

Answer 53

Lack of invasiveness • Reversibility

Question 54

The risk for invasive cancer varies with: ?

Answer 54

Grade of dysplasia ( mild, moderate, | sever) • Duration of dysplasia • Site of dysplasia

Question 55

``` an intraepithelial malignancy in which malignant cells involve the entire thickness of the epithelium without penetration of the basement membrane. ? ```

Answer 55

Carcinoma In-situ