Classifying Drugs, Psychopharmacological Properties and Legal Classifications Flashcards

Question

synthetic opioids

Answer 1

no origin in poppy plant but simmilar effects to semi-synthetic and natural opioids * many different types * two main types: fentanyl and methadone fentanyl: * used in medical settings for pain * popular bc on street it is 100 times stronger than heroin * increases chances of death from street drugs methadone * doesn't produce euphoric effect of other opioids * used as a maintenance or substitution therapy (treatment and maintenance) for opioid use disorder

Answer 2

most are on schedule 1 of CDSA * penalties for possession, trafficking, importing or exporting, producing * penalties range from 6 months to life in prison two synthetic opioids are on schedule 4 * butorphanol and nalbuphine * no logical rationale for this

Answer 3

wide ranging category * culturally acceptable: alcohol * medically useful but potentially dangerous: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines * important uses * but dangerous when used recreationally: inhalants and solvents effects similar to opioids: slowing down of CNS and PNS * respiratory systems slows * heart rate decreases * thought processes slow down * reaction time decreases can produce euphoria, relaxation, and dull pain

Answer 4

long history * mead from honey: 8000 BCE * beer and berry wine: 6400 BCE * grape wine: 300-400 BCE all involve fermentation and sometimes distillation of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) people believe alcohol increases happiness, makes them more social, and makes them willing to do things they might not otherwise do, though this is affected by social setting and expectations * high level of toxicity * alcohol in combination with other psychoactive drugs can be very risky

Answer 5

* developed at beginning of 20th century to aid with sleep and reduce anxiety * became popular in 1960s and 1970s for help with modern-day stress and anxiety * as little as 2-4 weeks of regular use can lead to physical and psychological dependence * most severe withdrawal of all psychoactive drugs * risk of fatality with immediate withdraw or overdose examples * pentobarbital * phenobarbital * primidone

Answer 6

developed by pharmaceutical companies as safer, non-addictive barbiturates to reduce anxiety and help with sleep * can cause physcial or psychological dependence within 4 weeks * when mixed with methadone, can produce euphoria Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) * when mixed with alcohol, quickly induces significant intoxication, temporarily blackout and memory impairment examples * alprazolam (xanax) * diazepam (Valium) * lorazepam (Activan)

Answer 7

dispensed and inhaled in vapour form two major groupings: organic anaesthetic organic * susbtances legally available but not meant for human consumption (gasoline, paint, cleaning products, glues) * young people are most likely to use because they are readily available unlike other substances anaesthetic * legally approved for medical use, but also used recreationally to produce euphoria (ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide) * some of the few drugs that do actually produce permanent brain damage when misused

Answer 8

complex topic alcohol: most widely used depressant, yet not controlled or regulated under CDSA several benzos, barbiturates, some sedatives and hypnotics are controlled and regulated under schedule 3 and 4 of CDSA possession of some depressants might lead to significant punishment, while possession of substances that are pharmacologically similar might not some depressant solvents are controlled under schedule 6 (precursor substances) * but schedule 6 is only concerned with important and exporting so possession and use are not punished GHB and Rohypnol are on Schedule 1, despite most similar depressants being on schedule 6 * no justification, but likley because of their use in sexual assault * alcohol is used more often in sexual assaults but it is not controlled under CDSA

Answer 9

* cocaine * amphetamines (including methampetamines) * nicotine * caffeine

Answer 10

originates in coca plant, primarily grown in South American Andes mountains * used for centuries by Indigenous people * isolated in 1860: seen as therapeutic * most used recreationally two types: * powder: usually snorted, can be injected or smoked if modified * crack: usually heated and inhaled large differences in societal views and legality based on demographics of people who use CDSA schedule 1

Answer 11

* synthetic substances derived in labs * developed to mimic adrenaline * medically used for narcolepsy, weight loss, and ADHD (ritalin, adderall) paradoxical effect: using a stimulant to control ADHD increased popularity among students * but not effective in improving long-term or overall performance meth * popular recreationally because powerful rush of euphoria * other deisgner of club drugs: bath salts * many are on CDSA schedule 1 and some on schedule 3

Answer 12

nicotine: * psychoactive agent found in tobacco * stimulates, then depresses brain and nervous system activity * E-cigarettes allow for ingestion without tobacco * highly addictive physically and psychologically * not in CDSA: limited controls regulating sales caffeine * found in coffee, tea, soda, chocolate, energy drinks * increases wakefulness * potential for dependence and withdrawal * often not seen as a drug * 80% of Canadians consume regularly * not in CDSA, no controls regulating sales

Answer 13

* health and social effects widely debated * produce disconnect between physical world and how people perceive the physical world * some see them as mind-expanding and even spiritual * do not produce physical dependency * new research on MDMA on PTSD and Ketamine on depression * regular use leads to tachyphylaxis, rapid development of tolerance

Answer 14

natural hallucinogens * peyote, psilocybin aka shrooms * schedule 3 of CDSA semi-synthetic hallucinogen: LSD * derived from fungus on rye plants * most potent hallucinogen * schedule 3 synthetic hallucinogens * amphetamine-based drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies * PCP, MDMA, ketamine * schedule 1 of CDSA

Answer 15

* among most consumed drug globally * rapid change from prohibition to legalization and regulation in North America and elsewhere * legalization vs decrimilization * medical use is claimed, but little empirical support * can affect brain development claimed to be the "gateway drug" * inevitable fallacy * causal fallacy

Answer 16

people who use cannabis either leads to: * people who use hard drug * or people who do not use hard drugs

Answer 17

causal argument * cannabis users progress to more potent drugs because they are unsatisfied with the high from cannabis alternative explanations * breaking the law by using cannabis makes it easier to break law to use other drugs?? * beginning cannabis use puts one is a subculture that makes it more likely to use other drugs??

Answer 18

* alter thought processes, mood, and emotional reactions to environment * intended use is for diagnosed mental health conditions * can produce unpleasant side effects * effects take time to come about, not really used recreationally three categories * antipsychotics: Haldol, Largactil, Serpasil * antidepressants: Wellbutrin, effexor, Cymbalta * mood stabilizers: Eskalith, tegretol, depakene most aren't in the CDSA, some antidepressants on schedule 3

Answer 19

* aren't psychoactive but use a global issue * used to build muscle and improve physical performance * mimic substances produced naturally in body major types * proteins * anabolic androgenic steroids: artificial form of testosterone * human growth hormones 50 anabolic steroids are in schedule 4 of CDSA

Answer 20

* criminalization is not effective so not justified * lack of justification for some substances on different schedules with divergent penalties * psychoactive drugs far more complex than law suggests

Classifying Drugs, Psychopharmacological Properties and Legal Classifications Flashcards

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