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EV ACVD Study > Claw/Hoof > Flashcards

Claw/Hoof Flashcards

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1
Q

Breeds predisposed to subungual SCC

A

Giant Schnauzer
Gordon Setter
Briard
Kerry Blue Terrier
Rottweiler
Poodle

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2
Q

Amount nails grow per week

A

0.7-2mm

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3
Q

Damage to ___ part of nail would result in permanent onychodystrophy

It is responsible for making most of the stratum externum and stratum medium

A

Principle Germinative Region

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4
Q

Where are rete ridges present/prominent in dogs?

A

Foot pad
Nasal Planum
Scrotum

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5
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum present?

A

Foot pads

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6
Q

What comprises the stratum lucidum?

A

Eleidin (hyaline-like refractile keratin layer)

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7
Q

Which side of the nail grows faster?

A

Dorsal, allows for curve of nail

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8
Q

Most common tumors in cat claws

A

1) SCC
2) Fibrosarcoma
3) Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Most common tumors in dog claws

A

1) SCC
2) Melanoma
3) Osteosarcoma
4) STS
5) MCT

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10
Q

Breed with special version of symmetric onychodystrophy

A

Norwegian, English, Gordon Setters

Flare in summer (more activity and trauma?)

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11
Q

Function of stratum externum on hoof

A

Moisture balance
Thin layer on outside, mostly worn off

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12
Q

Function of stratum medium on hoof

A

Shock dispersion
Bulk of wall
Pigmented

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13
Q

Function of stratum internum on hoof

A

Contain laminae in refolded pattern to interdigitate with laminae of corium

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14
Q

Which layer of the hoof fails with laminitis?

A

Stratum internum (interdigitating with lamella of corium)

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15
Q

What is a bad prognostic factor for laminitis on radiographs?

A

More distal displacement of P3

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of laminitis?

A

Developmental: time between injury and clinical signs

Acute: clinical signs present w/no radiographic evidence

Chronic: radiographs show collapse of foot

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17
Q

3 forms of laminitis

A

1) Endocrinopathic (MOST COMMON)
-PPID
-Iatrogenic glucocorticoids
2) Sepsis (endotoxins– diarrhea, high carb diet)
3) Supporting limb lameness

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18
Q

Hoof macroanatomy (sole, frog, white line, coronary band, hoof wall)

A
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19
Q

Hoof microanatomy (stratum externa, medium, internum, coreum)

A
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20
Q

Claw macroanatomy (ungual crest, clawfold, dermis, ungual process, sole, claw plate, coronary band, digital pad)

A
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21
Q

Nail microanatomy (hyponichium, nail matrix, germinal matrix)

A
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22
Q

Gross changes as hoof becomes more laminitic

A
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23
Q

Treatment laminitis

A

Treat underlying cause (d/c steroids if iatrogenic)
Antibiotics
NSAIDs (banamine is anti-endotoxic)
Blood flow tx- pentoxifylline, acepromazine
Hoof care (supportive shoeing)
Husbandry (bedding
Surgery

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24
Q

Hoof with most weight bearing in ruminants (lateral vs medial)

A

Lateral

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25
Difference between hoof laminae in horses and ruminants
Ruminants only have primary laminae (horses have primary and secondary laminae)
26
Difference in pig feet
Presence of accessory digits -- nonweight bearing
27
Animals with antlers
Cervids
28
Animals with horns
Bovids
29
Animals with pronhorns
Antelope
30
Animals with ossicones
Giraffes
31
What structures connect horns to frontal sinuses? Important in dehorning?
Cornual processes
32
When does horn growth stop?
Continuous for life of animal
33
What hormone controls horn growth in male goats?
Testosterone
34
Which sex of goat has horns?
Both M and F
35
When are horns larger?
During breeding season
36
How old are cows/sheep, etc when their cornual process of horn invades the frontal sinus?
6 months old
37
How to stop horn growth in newborn calves
Cauterize germinal epithelium when < 2 months old
38
T or F: Antlers can regenerate after complete detachment
T
39
Calamus:
quill, central stalk of the feather
40
Rachis:
Point where barbs start to emerge
41
"Blood feather"
Some blood within the calamus (Can see blood drops within quill when feather is plucked)
42
Types of feathers on body
Contour feathers
43
Beak: name of sheath covering maxilla
Rhinotheca
44
Beak: name of sheath covering mandible
Gnathotheca
45
Feline lung digit syndrome cancer, progosis
Bronchogenic carcinoma (initial clinical sign can be long, thin nails) Prognosis: MST 2 months
46
Predisposing factors for laminitis
Equine metabolic syndrome (insulin metabolism) PPID (equine cushings) Obesity Systemic inflammation
47
T or F: Antlers are horns
F: NOT a true horn Boney proliferation from skull covered in by keratinized epithelium Shed and regrow each year Males only, except caribou females
48
Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: mode of inheritance, age of onset
Autosomal recessive 4-10 weeks old
49
Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: Clinical signs
Paw pads are soft and swollen with variable depigmentation +/- ulcer, bridge of nose is swollen, ulcers on ear margins and tail tip Are also pyrexic and lethargic with varying lymphadenopathy
50
Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: Histopath
Histopath shows nodular to diffuse lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis around degenerated collagen and altered vasculature
51
Familial vasculopathy of german shepherd dogs: Treatment
If they make it through, they spontaneous recover at 5 to 6 months old with scarring
52
Cell signal required for nail differentiation
BMP
53
Human nail diagram (prox nail fold, keratogenous zone, matrix, nail bed, nail plate, hyponychium, eponychium
54
Which part of the hoof is the strongest?
Intertubular horn Intertubular horn is responsible for large amount of mechanical strength, stiffness, and fracture toughness
55
Increase in MMPs can result in ____ in the horse
laminitis
56
In laminitic horses, there is a destruction of _____ and ______ in the BMZ
Laminin and Collagen IV
57
Which cytokines increase MMP activity, which can lead to laminitis
IL-1, TNF-alpha
58
Metabolic diseases associated with onychodystrophy
Zn Hepatocutaneous syndrome
59
Location of glands that pigs have to mark territory
carpal glands
60
Familial/idiopathic footpad hyperkeratosis: breeds
-Irish terrier -Kerry blue terrier -Dogues de Bordeaux -Labrador Retreiver -Golden Retriever -MXB
61
Nasodigital hyperkeratosis in labrador retreiver gene
SUV39H2 -> Low loricrin
62
Most common dermatophyte in dog claws
Trichophyton mentagraphytes
63
Most common dermatophyte in cat claws
Microsporum canis
64
Breeds predisposed to SLO
German shepherd Gordon Setter
65
Raynaud's like syndrome in dogs: clinical signs, age of onset, sex, tx
Onychalgia, onychogryphosis, intermittent acrocyanosis of multiple digits Age: middle Sex: F in cold climates Tx: Vasodilation (isoxsuprine)
66
What is different about idiopathic onychodystrophy compared to SLO? IO Breeds?
No onychomadesis Older dogs Cocker spaniels, Dachshunds, Rhodesians, Husky, Welsh terriers
67
What is different about idiopathic onychomadesis compared to SLO? IO Breeds?
Claws lost without having prior onycholysis GSD, whippet, English springer spaniel
68
Disease associated with plasma cell pododermatitis
FIV (can be triggered by antigenic stimulation, seasonal changes)
69
How many germinal centers does the claw have?
At least 4
70
Tyrosinemia breed, clinical signs, etiology
GSD Paw pad ulceration/sloughing + eye dz Build up of tyrosine –> inflammation 2' to crystals in tissue (Splendore-Hoeppli)
71
Label this horn
1) Frontal sinus 2) Cornual process 3) Noncornified Epidermis/Dermis/periosteum 4) Horny tubules with intertubular horn

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