Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AREndurance Notes - Site Planning and Design > Cliff Notes > Flashcards

Cliff Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Zoning

A

uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare and safety of people. Regulates the use of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesirable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Incentive Zoning

A

encourages private developers to provide amenities for public use in exchange for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nonconforming Use

A

building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Typically allowed to stay unless it’s unsafe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Conditional Use

A

a building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned for, to benefit the public (e.g.: an elementary school in a residential neighborhood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Variance

A

applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to deviate from an ordinance in order to avoid hardship.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spot Zoning

A

a change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ordinance

A

a municipal law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Setbacks

A

required open space measured between property line and face of building. Used to preserve light, air, and spaciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Building Line

A

utilized by communities principally to achieve planned street patterns. They help insure that buildings will not be erected in the bed of projected streets or of potential street widening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Easements

A

legal right of government or another land owner to use one’s property for a specific purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Scenic Easement

A

Prevents development that upsets something scenic to the public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Assessment

A

valuation of property for the purpose of taxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Business Improvement Districts

A

used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area’s appeal. All business owners in district who would benefit pay increased taxes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Eminent Domain

A

power of the state to take private property without owner’s consent, but with fair market value of the land compensation. Must be used government or public development (highways, railroads, civic center), economic development, or to mandate an easement for access (public utilities, right of way).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Deed Restrictions

A

place limitations on the use of the property, typically by original developers, who determined what land would be used for (live, work, or play) and can’t be changed by future owners.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Restrictive Covenant

A

limitations and stipulations used in residential settings. Can be aesthetic (allowable color pallets, vegetation types/pruning, fencing materials) pet control (how many and/or living conditions), or storage related (visibility of parked cars/boats/campers).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Affirmative Covenant

A

commits a buyer to performing duties in the future (e.g. will make payments for common charges in a condo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conditional Covenant

A

If restriction is violated or disregarded, the land will revet back to original owners/heirs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Right-of-Way

A

right for people to cross land of another (pathways/cattle drives)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How many feet is in an acre?

A

One acre = 43,560 square feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Check

A

Checks are 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians and divided into 16 townships

(US Survey divided land that was not already surveyed in 1780s into a square grid system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Township

A

Are 6 miles on a side; divided into 36 1 mile sections

US Survey divided land that was not already surveyed in 1780s into a square grid system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Section

A

Are 1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres

US Survey divided land that was not already surveyed in 1780s into a square grid system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Quarter Section

A

Are 1/2 mile on each side

US Survey divided land that was not already surveyed in 1780s into a square grid system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Total Building Group:

A

All the buildings in a complex, group or masterplan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Component Building

A

An individual building in a Total Building Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Activity Center

A

spaces related to each other by function within a building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Space Unit

A

each individual space within an activity center

Example: 
Medical Campus > 
Acute Care Hospital > 
Surgery Dept. > 
Pre-Op Suite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

9 Space/Site Planning Considerations

A
  1. Relationship between site/structure
  2. Response to site conditions (sun/vegetation/wind/sound)
  3. Be visible but maintain human scale
  4. Express and serve its purpose economically and thoughtfully
  5. Utilize technologies and materials appropriately (honest tectonic expression)
  6. Use local materials and building techniques
  7. Create a hierarchy of parts that is interesting to look at
  8. Create a relationship between the interior and exterior
  9. Express human spirit and encourage human interaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Estimate Needs

A

Determine total area by calculating the amount of space required for each us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Matrix Chart

A

numerical values of required relationships (1 = adjacent, 2 = no relationship, 3 = separate) are assigned to each program space with regard to the others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Bubble Diagram

A

before space planning create a loose drawing of circles that indicates required adjacencies, priorities or relationships, and relative sizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Block Diagram

A

more accurate (but still preliminary) layout of spatial organization based on bubble diagram, but with accurate sizes use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blocking

A

assigning departments to a defined area on a floor based on its desired adjacency and support requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Stacking

A

assigning floors/areas of floors to departments based on its desired adjacency and support requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cardo and Decumanus

A

the two major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Point

A

a position, no dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Line

A

has direction and length but no thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Plane

A

has position, direction and length but no thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

volume

A

a 3D plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Shape

A

the outline of a form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Size

A

physical dimension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Color

A

Quality of a reflected light that articulates form and space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Light

A

Radiant Energy that is perceived by the human eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Texture

A

applied to a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Proportion

A

relationship between parts that provides harmonious order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Golden Section

A

renaissance concept where a whole is divided so that the smaller part has the same relationship to the larger part, as the larger part has to the whole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Rhythm

A

Regular occurrence of elements in time or space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Symmetry

A

balanced arrangements, typically in reference to formal design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Static form

A

parts are equal in size and located around a reference axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Dynamic form

A

parts are unequal in size and arrange around a reference axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Freeways

A

limited access roads with high speed, high volume circulation. move large volume around or thru urban centers. Over/underpasses.

AKA Expressways or Motorways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Arterial Streets

A

wide high capacity streets usually connecting to expressways. Typ. 2 or 3 lanes in each direction. No parking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Collector Street

A

connection roads between local and arterial streets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Local streets

A

low capacity roads with direct access to a site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Formula for Site Slope %

A

Site Slope Percentage = Vertical/Horizontal x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What % site slope is good for all activities?

A

flat are -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is a moderate site slope?

A

4-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is a steep, unusable site slope?

A

10-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is a very steep site slope, subject to erosion?

A

+50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Construction slope (same as site slope formula) for storm drain?

A

.3% min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Construction slope for sanitary sewers

A

.4 - 1.4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Construction slope for street surface drainage

A

.5% min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Construction slope for planted or large pavers

A

1% min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Construction slope for lawns

A

25% max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Construction slope for Planted Banks

A

50% max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Construction slope for Parking area/lot

A

5% max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Construction slope for Automobile Ramp

A

8% max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Construction slope for sidewalks

A

10% Max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Construction slope for streets/paved driveways

A

10% max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Angle of Repose

A

the greatest angle at which soil will lay without sliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Angle of Repose for Loose wet clay or silt

A

30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Angle of Repose for Compact dry clay

A

100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Angle of Repose for wet sand

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Angle of Repose for Dry sand

A

65%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Gross Area =

A

Gross Area = Net Area (commonly used areas) + circulation (structure/MEP/service)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) =

A

Floor Area Ratio (FAR) = Gross Area/Site Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What arch. features are sometimes allowed to exceed height restrictions?

A

Penthouses, fan rooms, and skylights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What kind of lines are used in road design?

A

Roads consist of straight sections (tangents) and simple curves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What situations should be avoided in road design

A
  • Avoid intersections that are slightly offset

* Avoid intersection where the angle of roads is less than 80°

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is a Cartridge Road?

A

Cartridge Roads are loop distributor-collector drive with access to the local road… typical in large shopping centers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

At intersections with more than ___ cars per hour, a traffic light is required

A

750

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

At intersection with more than ___ cars per hour, grade separation is required

A

3000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Cloverleaf

A

two level interchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Direct left turn

A

where two expressways intersect. More expensive than Cloverleaf but allows more lanes to operate at high speeds in all changes of direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Diamond

A

expressways intersect secondary roads. critical design elements : ramp grades, turning radii, lengths of the acceleration and deceleration lanes. Up ramps are 3-6%, down ramps are 8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Maximum length of a block

A

1,600 feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Maximum length of a Cul-de-Sac

A

400‘ max w/ 80‘ turn around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Width of 2 lane highway w/ 9’-0” shoulders

A

40’-0” - 42’-0”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Typical building materials of street surface

A

concrete, asphalt, grave, or decomposed granite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Typical width of street

A

11’-0” - 12’-0” wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Typical Heavy Traffic street has __ curbs and ___

A

6” curb and gutter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Typical Minor streets have what kind of curb?

A

4” roll curb or gravel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Minimum curb radii @ minor streets

A

12”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Minimum curb radii @ major streets

A

50”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Typical Landscape strip dimenstions

A

7’ with trees or 4’ wide w/grass/dirt

97
Q

Small Car turning radii

A

16-19’

98
Q

standard car turning radii

A

19-23’

99
Q

large car turning radii

A

23-25’

100
Q

ambulance turning radii

A

25-30’

101
Q

busses/trucks turning radii

A

43-50’

102
Q

Typical parking space dimenstions

A

Spaces are typically 9’-0” wide and 18’-0” - 20’-0” long

103
Q

Typical accessible parking space dimenstions

A

Accessible spaces are minimum 8’-0” wide with access alley 5’-0” wide for cars or 8’-0”
wide for vans adjacent to the space

104
Q

How is the number of accessible spaces determined?

A

When parking is provided, the number of accessible parking spaces is determined by the
total number of spaces.

105
Q

What % of parking must be accessible for hospital outpatient facilities, and physical therapy facilities?

A

hospital outpatient facilities: 10%

outpatient physical therapy facilities: 20%

106
Q

When planning, how many SF should be allotted for parking/circulation per car?

A

400 SF

107
Q

How much parking SF should be accounted for, for every 1000 SF of shopping space?

A

3000 - 4000 SF

108
Q

How much clearance should be between parked cars to allow for enough space for opening doors?

A

20”

109
Q

How wide should circulation aisle be?

A

12’ wide

110
Q

Typical dimension of parking space in lots with attendants

A

8’ x 18’ stalls and 20’ aisles

111
Q

Double loaded angled parking - projection and width for:

30° parking

A

30° parking ! ! = 15’-7” projection = 43’-2” bay width

112
Q

Double loaded angled parking - projection and width for:

35° parking

A

35° parking! ! = 16’-7” projection = 45’-2” bay width

113
Q

Double loaded angled parking - projection and width for:

40° parking

A

40° parking! ! = 17’-6” projection = 47’-0” bay width

114
Q

Double loaded angled parking - projection and width for:

45° parking

A

45° parking! ! = 18’-2” projection = 48’-4” bay width

115
Q

What angle of parking is the most efficient? Why?

Why is there a disadvantage?

A
  1. 11 cars / 100 linear feet of curb.
    Allows for the maximum amount of spaces and two way traffic
    Disadvantage: can be hard to maneuver
116
Q

Second most efficient parking angle? What are the benefits?

A

60° parking is pretty efficient = 9 cars/100 lineal feet of curb.
Relatively economical and allows easy access to and from parking spaces. Easiest to use.

117
Q

Benefits of 45° parking?

A

45° parking is pretty efficient = 8 cars/100 lineal feet of curb

Relatively economical and allows easy access to and from parking spaces

118
Q

Least efficient parking angle?

A

30° parking is least efficient = 5 cars/100 lineal feet of curb
Uneconomical.

119
Q

Max slope of parking lot

A

5%

120
Q

In multiple story lots, what is the max slope of the ramp? How long should transitions be?

A

Ramps should be 15% max, with 8’ transitions

121
Q

Order the 3 types of parking lots from least to greatest construction cost.

A

Outdoor Lot
Parking structure
underground parking

must consider land costs and number of spaces need to pick parking design option.

122
Q

Which oriented site is most ideal?

A

Choose a south facing site (use overhangs or deciduous trees to block summer sun)

123
Q

What area of a hill is most suitable for building?

A

Midway on a hill is best (top is too windy, fog/cold air settles in valley)

124
Q

Location Factors for Construction:

Suburban Areas

A

Lowest costs for development and connected to urban areas

125
Q

Location Factors for Construction:

Urban Areas

A

highest costs for development (due to labor rates)

126
Q

Location Factors for Construction:

Rural Areas

A

variable cost based on access and existing transportation

127
Q

8 Primary Concerns for Site Design

A
  1. Pedestrian and vehicular circulation/transportation network
  2. The disposal of runoff and the effects of surface drainage
  3. Landscaping
  4. Access to services and public facilities
  5. Natural and artificial lighting
  6. Site access for emergency vehicles
  7. Security
  8. Subsurface conditions and topography (including fluctuating water tables, heaving, and soil stability)
128
Q

Mothballing

A

Term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract.

129
Q

Adaptive Reuse

A

process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features.

130
Q

4 Goals of Historic Preservation :

Preservation :

A

Least amount of work done to the building and any interventions are as inconspicuous as possible

Preservation/Restoration occurs to buildings that are specifically significant (designed by a famous architect, housed an important historic event, etc). These buildings are typically on the National Register of Historic Places

131
Q

4 Goals of Historic Preservation :

Rehabilitation :

A

retain and repair historic materials, but some replacement of damaged material is ok, as are additions that convey historic values

Rehabilitation occurs to buildings in a significant historic district, but aren’t individually significant (and are more likely to be able to take on a new use)

132
Q

4 Goals of Historic Preservation :

Restoration :

A

remove inconsistent features and replace missing features in accordance with the restoration period

Preservation/Restoration occurs to buildings that are specifically significant (designed by a famous architect, housed an important historic event, etc). These buildings are typically on the National Register of Historic Places

133
Q

4 Goals of Historic Preservation :

Reconstruction :

A

new construction to look like how something existed at an earlier time

134
Q

Pros and Cons of Adaptive Reuse / Land Conservation

A
  • Reduces the amount of sprawl in the outlying city

- Is sometime associated with gentrification

135
Q

What is the process of Historic Preservation design?

A

Define whether preservation, rehab, restoration, or reconstruction
Team with structural/MEP engineers who have specialized historic preservation experience

Complete Preliminary Analysis/Pre-design and Research
Complete Design Phase:
Complete Document Phase:
Address energy efficiency, accessibility, health and life safety issues:

136
Q

Catchment Areas aka market, trade, or tributary area

A

geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity.

137
Q

Residential Catchment Areas:

A

determined by local transit systems.

138
Q

Proctor Compaction Test

A

Geotechnical tests to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates.

139
Q

Percolation test

A

test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to test suitably of soil for a leachfield.

140
Q

Survey : Baseline

A

parallel (line that follows latitudes of earth) used as the basis for the east‐ west layout of the US Survey system

141
Q

Survey : Parallels

A

parallels between the baselines in the US Survey

142
Q

Survey : Principal Meridian

A

meridian (north-south line that follows longitude of earth) that serves as the basis for the north‐south grid layout of the US Survey

143
Q

Survey : Guide meridian

A

meridians between the principal meridians Benchmark: standard or point of reference against which things may be compared

144
Q

Survey : Metes and bounds

A

verbal description of land that begins at a known point and

describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached

145
Q

Contour interval

A

change in elevation between two contours. Smaller scaled maps typically have a larger interval for clarity.

146
Q

Crown/Ridge:

A

contours point “down” toward the lower elevation

147
Q

Swale/Valley

A

contours point “up” towards the higher elevation

148
Q

Hills

A

concentric circles with elevations getting higher towards the center

149
Q

Depression

A

concentric circles with the elevations getting lower towards the center

150
Q

Frost line

A

max depth at which soil will freeze. Below, the soil stays warmer than freezing

151
Q

Swamp

A

wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry‐land protrusions

152
Q

Swale

A

an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water.

153
Q

Detention Pond

A

low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly

154
Q

Retention Pond

A

designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water levelgets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity

155
Q

Riparian Rights

A

system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property (includes bottomland, beach, and upland, but not the water itself).

Owners can use water adjacent to their
property, but can’t infringe upon the rights of others to use the water

156
Q

Sheet Flow

A

water that flows across paved surfaces.

157
Q

Aquifer

A

permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water underground and is the water source for wells

158
Q

Hydrology

A

the study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site

159
Q

Flume

A

elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport things like logs and fish

160
Q

Weir

A

embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow.

161
Q

Albedo

A

how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror (rate is listed as a fraction)

162
Q

Conductivity

A

the speed with which heat passes through a material. Metals are high, and soils/sand are low

163
Q

Macroclimate

A

based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water. Water reduces temperature extremes.

164
Q

Describe the macroclimate of Islands/Costal Region

A

constant & moderate temperature

165
Q

Describe the macroclimate of Arid/Desert Region

A

low humidity & greater temperature variation

166
Q

Describe the macroclimate of Mountainous Region

A

winds are forced to rise

167
Q

Microclimate

A

based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude

168
Q

Describe the sun angle of the suns greatest rays

A

perpendicular to ground

169
Q

Describe the sun angle of winter solstice

A

least hours of sun and low sun angle

170
Q

Describe the sun angle of summer solstice

A

most hours of sun and high sun angle

171
Q

Vernal/Autumnal Equinox

A

equal hours of sun and dark

172
Q

Vortex

A

when moving air encounters a building perpendicular to a broad face it flows both over roof and down the facade. Air collects at the base of the building which results in a high velocity swirl of wind.

173
Q

Air Pollution Temperature Inversion Phenomenon

A

the air temperature at ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants

174
Q

Climate

A

the composite of weather conditions (described in data or quantifiable units) including temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and rainfall, as well as site
conditions including microclimate, topography, ground cover, water, and elevation.

175
Q

Ecology

A

the science of the pattern of relationships between a group of organisms and their environment.

176
Q

Ecosystem

A

an environment of living organisms and non-living components

177
Q

What population density is need to have a Collective Transit System

A

needs at least a population density of 30 persons per acre.

178
Q

Max distance to walk to a stop is ___?

A

1/4 - 1/2 mile

179
Q

What type of public transit is used for short trips in the city / long trips in the suburbs? How fast does it travel?

A

Local Bus, 15- 30 mph

180
Q

What type of public transit is used to travel between medium density areas? How fast does it travel?

A

Express Bus, 40-60 mph

181
Q

What type of public transit is used to travel between areas with high density? How fast does it travel?

A

Rail, 40-70 mph

182
Q

Site constraints that affect a grading plan

A
  1. Existing trees and shrubs to be saved, transplanted or removed.
  2. The finished floor height of existing structures
  3. The finish grade of existing roads.
  4. Existing land forms
  5. The properly line, grade must be met and excess runoff can’t be diverted to adjacent
    properties.
183
Q

Describe Ecosystems

A

Ecosystems (e.g.: forest, pond, city, desert) are constantly changing, and if one component (species or non-living thing) is removed, the system will evolve to make new
relationships.

184
Q

What kind of ecosystems are unstable?

A

Uniform ecosystems (all rural, natural ecologies or all urban, man made ecologies) tend to be unstable. Need harmony between natural and human activities.

185
Q

How can we address climate issues?

A

Climate issues can be dealt with by addressing planning, orientation, building materials, plantings, and vegetative or constructed shading/exposure to sun.

186
Q

Describe what surface is effected most by heat transmission in North and Southern latitudes.

A

In northern latitudes, heat transmission through walls is critical
In southern latitudes, heat transmission through roof is critical

187
Q

List the processes of design concerning building and site design.

A 
Get a site and/or building survey
Determine land use
Determine land value
Determine soil type
Determine potential land problems
Complete soil testing
Choose foundation type
Prevent future problems
188
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of site surveys

A

Preliminary : basic for preparation of architectural drawings

Construction : precise condition of site and adjacent structures, bench marks

Possession : records completed development

189
Q

2 Forms of site survey

A

Geodetic: precise, follows spherical shape of the earth

Plane: more common, assumes a flat plane of the earth
EXAMPLES :
Aerial Photography (Google earth type images)
City
Construction (includes markers)
Hydrographic (oceans, rivers, lakes, etc)
Land (a description of the site)
Route (roads and utility lines)

190
Q

What are the 3 types of building surveys?

A

Field Measurements: taken by hand
Laser Scanning: remotely measure existing spaces (quick)
Photogrammetry: establish control points and hand survey to get base coordinate
system (takes much longer than laser scanning)

191
Q

What are the 8 basic categories of land use?

A 
Agricultural
Institutional
Commercial
Natural Resources
Government
Open/Conservation
Industrial
Residential
192
Q

Land use methodologies : Comparison Method

A

land value is compared to other similar parcels (can be applied to all categories of use) and is the most accurate if current data is available

193
Q

Land use methodologies : Development Method

A

when comparisons aren’t available, use estimates to

determine the selling price of lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price

194
Q

Land use methodologies : Residual/Income Approach Method

A

used in highly developed areas by estimating

potential income from improvements that yield the highest return (highest & best use)

195
Q

Land use methodologies : Allocation Method

A

used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land.

196
Q

Soil Types : Gravel

A

well drained and able to bear loads (+2 mm)

197
Q

Soil Types : Sand

A

well drained and can serve as foundation when graded (0.5 - 2 mm)

198
Q

Soil Types : Silt

A

stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet (.002 - .05 mm)

199
Q

Soil Types : Clay

A

must be removed, too stiff when dry and too plastic when wet (

200
Q

Levels of Soil

A

A Level - Topsoil (organic/mineral material)
B Level - Minerals
C Level - Partially weathered/fractured rock
D Level - Bedrock

201
Q

Soil Types : Alluvium

A

soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water

202
Q

Soil Types : Humus

A

soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity

203
Q

Soil Types : Loam

A

rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay

204
Q

Solving site problems :

Water within 6’-0” of land surface

A

pump out excavation, waterproof basement, resist hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pipe installed at foundation)

205
Q

Solving site problems :

Rock at / near the surface of site

A

use explosives to reduce manual labor

206
Q

Solving site problems :

Soil is soft clay, waterbearing sand or silt

A

construct deeper foundations or drive piles,

remove poor soil

207
Q

Solving site problems :

Underground Streams

A

avoid and be cautious of siting of structure

208
Q

Solving site problems :

Cut and Fill

A

balance it. There shouldn’t be more taken away than added or vice versa

209
Q

Bearing capacity of bedrock

A

10,000 psi

210
Q

Bearing capacity of well graded gravel/sand

A

3,000 - 12,000 psi

211
Q

Bearing capacity of compacted sand / fill

A

2,000 - 3,000 psi

212
Q

Bearing capacity of silt / clay

A

1,000 - 4,000 psi

213
Q

Borings

A

Locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20’-0” past firm strata

214
Q

Where should soil borings be taken for open warehouses?

A

one in each corner and one in the middle

215
Q

Where should soil borings be taken for large structures?

A

50’-0” spacing

216
Q

Where should soil borings be taken for uniform conditions?

A

100 - 500’ spacing

217
Q

Wash boring

A

the drilling of a test hold to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil. A pipe is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock.

218
Q

Auger boring

A

soil testing that uses an auger drill big fastened to a rod to bring the soil to the surface. Most efficient in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed. It has limited depth

219
Q

Core boring

A

an intact cylindrical sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock. Very reliable and expensive

220
Q

Test pit

A

an excavation of an open pit that allows for a visual examination of the existing conditions as well as the ability to take intact samples for further testing. Can determine the depth of the water table.

221
Q

Spread Footing

A

Most economical
Delivers load directly to soil.
Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity

222
Q

Mat Foundations

A

Very expensive
Typically it’s only used when the strata is weak,
It acts as one continuous foundation.

223
Q

Belled Caissons

A

holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured. They’re basically really, really deep spread footings

224
Q

End Bearing Piles

A

2-3x cost of spread footings.

Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata

225
Q

Friction Pile

A

Driven into softer soil.
Friction transmits the load between pile and soil.
Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil

226
Q

How can you prevent future problems when designing the site?

A

Connect new on-site drainage to natural drainage
Design surface water runoff based on worst case storm scenario
Prevent erosion by using channels, gutters, swales, and xerioscaping

227
Q

Behavior setting

A

a space with definable boundaries and objects where typical pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time (e.g. Tossing scarf during the national anthem at Jeld-Wen Field during a Timbers match)

228
Q

Census

A

systematic record taking about members of a population. Began in 1790 and occurs every 10 years.

229
Q

Demography

A

Statistical study of human populations

230
Q

Density

A

number of people per unit area

231
Q

Population size

A

actual number of people in a given location

232
Q

Proxemics

A

the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction

233
Q

Territoriality

A

behavioral system where person/group lays claim/defends an area

234
Q

Sociofugal

A

grouping of people arranged so that each can have privacy from others

235
Q

Typical Human Comfort Zone for Winter

A

63-71 degrees

236
Q

Typical Human Comfort Zone for Summer

A

66-75 degrees

237
Q

Typical Human Comfort Zone for Tolerable humidity

A

30%-60%

238
Q

Typical Human Comfort Zone for uncomfortable humidity

A

75% +

AREndurance Notes - Site Planning and Design (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions