climate change final exam Flashcards
1
Q
what word must you put before sea levl rise relating to water
A
eustatic sea levelrise
2
Q
whats another word for flooded
A
inunduated
3
Q
when is the maldives expected to be mostly inunduated + AO2
A
- 2100
- this is significant as its a rapid change / near future
4
Q
what % of toruist go for its white sand beaches
A
60%
5
Q
whats teh highest point in the maldives
A
2.4 m above sea level
6
Q
whats teh average height above sea levl in teh maldives
A
1.2 m (4 feet)
7
Q
how muc are sea levls expected to rise by 2100 due to eusttic change
A
- 0.8m - 2m
8
Q
what % of the maldives GDP is tourism
A
- 70%
9
Q
whats teh maldives population + AO2 comment
A
- 600,000 - small compared to other countries but significant if all made refugrees by 2100
10
Q
whats the median age in the maldives + AO2 coment
A
30 years - significant as young working age popualtion
11
Q
how many air portis in the maldives are within 50m of the coast
A
3
12
Q
how to spell primarily
A
primarily
13
Q
what is the fact that teh artci is walming quicker tahn teh rest of teh world called
A
artic amplification
14
Q
what has been the significance of sea level rise on the holderness coast in england ? + link
A
- coastal retreat from increse storm events has becoem rapid
- fasted retreating coastline in europe
- 2m / yr
- 29 villages have been lost to the sea - ( libks to place and coats)
15
Q
how much is global water vapor expeceted to increse besue of cliamte change and what doe sthis link to
A
- 1%-2% a decade
- the water and carbon cycle cretig a possitive feedback loop with climate cahbeg as its a GHG
16
Q
whats a significnat thing did brazil agree to at cap 26
A
to end defforestaion by 2030
1. already rates have decresed from 17,500 from 1870-23013 to 7,500 in 2017-18
17
Q
list teh ways we can measure/reconstruct past climate change
A
- ice cores
- lake sediment ( pollen and beatals)
- fossils
- dendrochronography
- marine sediment
18
Q
what are tree rings to reconstruct climate change also known as
A
dendro chronography
19
Q
expalin demdrochronography + give advantages and limitations
A
- a tree grows a ne wring every year
- the rings are the cambian layer ( th elayer between teh bark and the wood and the bark
- the conditions of the enviroment determine how big the cambrian layer wil grow each year
- for exaple walmer and wetter years the tree will growmore and there will be more cell growth in this layer and a larger ring
- this means that by cutting trees down we are able to tell what time climate was like anually and how it has changed dating back a rellativly long time,
AO2
* despite this, not all trees form regualr rings annualy ( e.g troppical and evergreenrings grow very irregualrly). this means we are only able to take readigns from certain areas and we arent sure if past readings are entirly accurate)
* the readings also dont date abck that long ( the oldest trees are just short of 5000 years old.
20
Q
how do fossils tell us about
A
- corral
- coralls are very pasticular as to were tehy grow. they need walm consitions and sun light. if the temperture or dept of the water changes jsut a fraction they canot survive.
- if corral fossils are found in a particular regin we are able to estimate pretty presisely the conditions of the enviroment by dating teh fosill as well as the ight of sea levels.
AO2
* however this is assueming they need the same conditions as today
* movement: fossils can be moved both above ground and under the sea by a variety of methods such as tides, aeolian processes etc.
* they give us reading streching far far back into the pasts, hundreds of millians of years
1. the oldest chorla fossil record is 485 million years old
* loctaion specific - benifit and negtive
21
Q
what is a tree ring also known as
A
cambiun layer
22
Q
how does lake sediment (pollen and spores) tell us about past cliamtic conditions
A
- layers of sediment retreved from the bottom of lakes
- pollen is produced by palnts by teh millions and it has a hard outer shell so it fossalised easilly and covered by mud quickly
- differnt polen spores of plants are differnt and therefore we can trase differnt plants that grew at differnt times during the earths climatic history
- the type of plants that grow depend on the type of climatic condition eg aridity and temperture
- sicentist figure thsi out by looking at teh spores under a microsope
- ( the same applies for beatles as they fossalise well due to their hard outer shell), they are also very sensative to their enviromntal conditions
AO2
* there records date back around 100- millions of years
* rellatvly acurate
* may be hard to reteave
* loctaion specific - benifit and negtive
23
Q
how can sea floor / marien sediemnt tell us about past climatic conditiosn
A
- Isotopes
- the ocean contains both oxogen 18 and 16 isotopes and oxogen 18 isotopes are heavier
- because of this when water evapertes of the ocean it contains the 0xegen-16
- therfore rain and snow also contain this isotope
- in colder conditions more presipitation falls as snow and gathers and remains at the polls.
- this means there is a much greater consentration of the isotope oxgen 18 in the ocean.
- (organismds that grow in the oceans during times like there absorb this isotope)
- now shells and sediment that formed during these times have higher consentrations of the element. as this is rellated to there being more ice and snow we know conditions where colder.
- therefore by dating these records we can take a pretty good guess at how past climatic condiiiiiitionds were
AO1
* can date back hundreds of millions of years
* hard to retreave
* presise
24
Q
explain how we can recreate past climatic conditions through the use of icee cores
A
- ice in near the polls contains higher numbres of O16 iotopes in colder periods
- This is because havier O-18 water vapour condenses over mid walmer latitudes where as O16 condenses over latitudes frther noth and that are coller. thus water napour at the polls in increasingly depleeted of O18 in higheer latitudes so so is the ice as it freeses.
- the ices cores also contain a varriety of other records such as gass bubles that have the atmopheric compoition of the atmophere, blown ans and radeo active substances
- its easy to count shallow course by visable layers
AO2
* the numbre of climatic proxies s greater than in any other type of natral record (blown as, bubbles of atmospheric gass (carbon indicator) and raideoactive substancres)
* these date back along time ( 800,000 years ago is our oldest) ( this is still significnatly old)
* it is regular and presise
25
give an exaple of an ice cores record
* europen prodject
* atlantc ice core
* dating 800,000 years
* revealed the earth has expirences 8 glacial cycles in that time
26
whats teh oldest dendro chronography record we ahve
* "Methuselah," which is estimated to be over 4,800 years old
27
what is the study of past climates known as
Paleoclimatic refers to the study or analysis of past climates
28
list teh natural forces that have driven past climate change
* **milankovitch Cycles** and orbital change
* **solar outputs** ( sun spots)
* **natural greehouse gasses** change
* **plate tectonics** ( continetal drift) ( volcnaic erruptions)
29
expalin milankovich cycles
* this is esentually orbital change that effects teh amount of solar radeoation reaching teh earths surface
**Eccentricity (orbital variation) 100,000**
* the amount the eaths orbit changes from circular
* the more eliptical the longer the earth stays away from the sun and the colder the cliamte becomes)
* glacials and interglacials - why they follow 100,000 year cycles
**Obliquity (tilt) 41,000**
* the more the tilt the more seasonal variation and the more ice will acumuate - more ice accumulation at the polls IN WINTER
**Pressesion (wabble)22,000**
* gradual movemnet of the earths axis in space ( affects seasonal variation)
30
explain the role of palet tectonics
* **currents**
* **volcanic activerty**
* movement in the earths tectonic plates ( specifically on convergent and divergent boundaries) causes magma, ash and gasses to be vented into the atmosphere.
* ash clouds case tempory blocking out of the sun - this is partyly responcible for the mini ice age in the 1800s
* sulfure dioxide gass also may be released, this rects with water in the atmophere to become an arosols which absorb sunlight and cause a cooling effect of the earths surface. ( however this is an effect that doesnt tend to last for more than a few mounths
* in the long term more CO2 and other green house gasses may be released ( however in rellativly small amounts) but this can cause walmoiing if there is signifiant tectonic activerty)
* **Ocean circulation (Currents)**
* contiental dirfit ( the seration of pangea) has caused currents to change as the hae to move arounf landmasses
* this effects the circulation of heat and moisture
* 5 million years ago N and S ameica joined where panama is today ( the isthmus). this closed of circulation between the atlantic and pacific oceans dirrecting heat towars the N hemousphere ( the gulf stream)
* **Continental drift**
* convergent plate bpundaries force land up and causes mountain rages to form. Continental drift has also resulted in more land acumulation in nothern regions
* the higher altitudes mean that tehse regions are cooler and precipitation will fall as snow and settle
* this snow collects over tiem and compresses causing polar ice caps and glaciers to form
* then an incresed abedo from these ice masses can cause a PME where the is more golabl cooling and ice formation
31
on an essay about past factors effectogn climate change whata re your paragraphs
* nagural green house gasses
* milakovitch cycles
* plate tectonics
* conclusion: milkovitch cycles as significant effct and significant without interdepences on other factors
32
what is human climate change known as
anthropogenic cliamte change
33
what is natural climate chnage often called
"natural variability"
34
what is the point where N and S america are joined called
* the isthmus
* where panama is today
35
how have natural GHG effect the earth's climate in the past
* natural GHG in the atmophere liek carbon and methane fluctuate
* this is is actuly thought to be a product of tectonic activerty
* in the terntiary era tectonic movment cretaed extenive fold mountains such as teh rockies.
* the uplift caused incresed rainfall and chemical wethering. (the rain fall was charged with CO2). however it was the carbon in the runoff that incresed carbon in the oceans. this caused carbon fertalistaion of pytoplankton that removed carbon from the atmophere via photosynthesis
* when they died they world fall to the floor and carbon would be stored for the long term as see florr sediemn
* futhermore tectonic activerty can cause phtoplankton blooms though chnging currenst, this can dirrect heat and being up nutrients.
36
how is it thought that solar outputs are menat to have caused natural climatic changes
* 11 year cycles of sun spots
* there is a possitive correlation between the numbre of sun spots and solar output ( this means the earths climate will be walmer when there are more)
* 1800s mini ice age lines up with this
**AO2**
* minimal varation
* short term
37
what are ice house and greenhouse periods
* span over millions of years
* **ice house**- when there is ice overing the planet to a degree and coller tempertures ( now)
* **hot house**- usually high levels of CO2, walm climate and conditions and no ice.
38
what era are we in
**Cenzoic**( started 66 million years ago )
39
what epoch are we in + what acme before
* the holocine ( still ice house but much walmer)
* ( before - Pleistocene) ( ice house (lasting 2.6 million years)
40
what period are we in
* quaternary and what catorgrises it
1. The Quaternary is known for its fluctuating climate, with repeated cycles of glacial advances and retreats
2. contains teh pliestoncene and holocne
3. started 2.6 mill years go to now
41
what periods became before the quaternary
* neogene
* paleogene
42
when was the last glacial maxumum
* 20,000 years ago
* ( during the riss ( in europe around 108,000 years ago
43
when did the holocene inter glacial start
* 11,000 years ago
* + rapid change during flandran transgression 6000 years ago
44
what era was before the quaternary
* Tertiary
* 66 million to 2.6 million years ago
* irregular
45
what was thougth to have causes the holocene
* pecifically variations in the tilt of Earth's axis (obliquity), the shape of its orbit (eccentricity)
46
what islargly attributed to triggering teh quaternary period
* plate tectonics ( isthus of panama N and S america joinign)
47
what was thought to have triggered the last glacial period
photo plankton bloom and carbon firtlisation removing **natural atmopheric gasses** from the atmophere ( CO2) + obital change
48
whats teh consentration of carbon in the atmophere glacials vs interglacials
* 180ppm ( glacials )
* 280ppm
49
without GHG how much cooler would the earths surfce be on average
* the average surface temp would be -18C'
* now its 14C'
50
what cuased the glaciation of antartica primarily
* tectonic movemetn- continental drift
* movemt of land down under
* changing on curents
* 35 million years ago
51
how green house gasses cause walming
* ( must explain if your talking about GHG as a natural factor envolved inclimate change)
* short wave radeation from the sun
* soem radeation is refelcted back by the earths atmospheric albedo ( short wave)
* some is refected by the earths suface albedo ( short wave)
* most is absorbed by the surface and remitted
* most is re-radeated back to space as long wave radeation
* alot is absorbed by the atmosphere / GHG heating the atmophere and the suface of the earth further
52
whats teh most prominant GHG
water
53
what are the differnce sources of **evidence** that the world has walmed since the 19th centuary ?
* increse in surface and atmopheric tempertures
* shrinking of glaciers and ice sheets
* rising sea levels
* increaisng atmopheric water vapour
* decresing snow cover and sea ice
54
explain and evidence hwo glacial records provide evidence of climate change since the 19th centuary
1. glaciers are retreating and disapearing
2. more than 110 glaciers have disapeared from montanas glacier national park
3. we also have historical records evidence of glacial retreat dating back to the 1850s
4. sattelight images aslo can show this
5. though these methods its clear that the rate as to wihc glaciers are meting is speeding up
6. Muir Glacier in Alaska extensive studies and has seen massive retreat in recent years
55
evidence and explain how riding sea evels evidence climate change since the 19th centuary
* on average sea levls have risen 1-2.5 mm per year in the 1900 suggesting melting and lessrefreesing of the ice caps and well as more thermal expension
* recently this has risen to 3mm/ yr suggetsing the cliamte is even walming fatser and ice is melting faster and there is more thermal expansion of the oceans
* however this is not consistent. some places expirece isostaic reboun meanign that norways sea levels are actully decreasing. this has the potencial t make readings had
56
by whta means can sea levels rise
* thermal expension
* ice melting
57
how is decreasing snow and sea ice coverage evidence of global walming since the 19th centuary
* acoring to satteligth images artic sea ice is decreasing at around 13% a declaid acording from 1979-2020 this is up from 8% prior
* snow coverage in the NH has decresed 2% since 1966
58
how is increaed atmopheric water vapour a sign of increased walming in the 19th centuary + evidence
* increased temp - more evapotranspiration + rates of absolute humidity
* NASA's NOAA polar orbiters - detected general increase in last few declaids 1-2% increase a decaid
59
how do sea, atmopheric and surface temperture evidence climate change
* NASA NOAA sattelight reads radeo waves emitted of the seas urface
* NASAs orbiting carbon observtry measures the effectivness of CO2 absorbtion from palnts by meausring changes in radeation
* atmophere has incresed 1 degrees since pre indutrial levels
60
list the reasons that anthroprogenic GHG **emissions** have incresed since the preindustical era
* land use change
* welth/ life style change
* populaton growth
* demand for energy
61
how mcuh GHE come from land use change
* 1/3
62
how much of the worlds forrests have been lost since 1700
25%
63
how does land use change contribute to a surge in emmisons
* 1/3 of all fossil fules released a year - scale
* defforestion
1. was a atural cardon sink that kep the caron cycle in a state of dynamic equalibrium ( 120 GT sequestrated each year to the 120 released via respirationa nd natural combustion) however now there is a satte of disequlibrium with far fewer orrest and much more carbon emitted = incresed GHE
2. man made forrest fires - huge emissions of COS - 1300ha in 2020 due to out of controle ones
1. 25% of forrests deforrested since preindustrail era - scale
* farming
1. cattle ranching methain - x25 worse than carbon as GHG
* urbanisation
1. more cars releasign CO2 and poltencially methain
2. urban heat iland effect
64
in any question about cliamte chamge what should you expalin once in your intro ?
the GHE ( once in intro)
65
how has demand for energy caused anthropogenic emission to tincrese
* there is a huge global demand for energy and buring fossil fuels is the cheapest msot effetcive way to produce this
* the demand is also growing and LIDC's and EDC's develope
* in 2019 around 34 Gt of Co2 was produced from burning fossil fuels soly for energy (73% of all GHG emitted that year came from this) - scale
66
expalin how rapid population growth is causign a spike in anthropogenic emissions
* 1 bill in 1800 to 8 bill today
* one of the main driving factors behind other resons
1. Increased energy consumption
2. Urbanization to house
3. Changes in land use and deforestation: As the population expands, there is a growing need for agricultural land, housing, and infrastructure
4. Increased waste generation: A growing population produces more waste, including municipal solid waste and industrial waste
5. Agricultural practices: Meeting the food demands of a growing population often requires changes in agricultural practices. Intensive agricultural methods, such as large-scale livestock production and increased use of synthetic fertilizers, can result in higher emissions of methane and nitrous oxide (N2O), both potent GHG
* on average golbally a perso produces 5 metric tons of CO2 a year
67
explain how wealth and change inliving standard has lead to more anthropogenic emissions
* as LIDC's and EDC's develope there is a rise in consumer demands and globalisation, industry, urbanisation, farming and land use change to support that
* more meat consumption = more CH4 to the atmophere for instance
* more air travel besuse of bussiness expaning and more vactioing
* planes hav avery high foot print as they polute rigth in to the upper atmophere ( its hard to tell exectly how much)
* in teh us a house hodld produces around 50 tones of cO2 per year x5 higher than the golbal average
* more countries are begining to look more likly the us
68
the key this is that the rate of anthropogenic emissions are ......
anthropogentic emisiions have compounded since the 19th centuary and are oly just starting to slow
69
whats the ballence of anthropogenic emissions around the owrld and how has this changed inrecent history
* during industrialistion of the west from the 1800s to up to 1900 the NW specifically europe and north america dominated in terms of emissions
1. in 1960 europe produced around 4000MT of Co2 a year and in the same year NA produced 3000MT
* in around the 1990s asia took over as the dominant poluters with their contrabutions rising expernentially
1. in 1990 their emission were around 6000MT compared to 8000 for europe and 4500T for NA
2. in 2011 their emission where 16,500MT compared to europes who had decresed to 4500MT adn NA at at 6000MT
3. africa and SA had also incresed to produce aorund 3000MT comined from basiclly non in 1960
4. now europe produce arounf 4000Mt a year vs asia 16,000MT ( srounf the same as 2011) = 48% of emission and NA 5500Mt
5. in teh uk in 2019 we produces 351.5 million tonnes (Mt), 3.9 per cent lower than 2018 (365.7 Mt)
6. 2,110.00 was the Maldives carbon (co2) emissions for 2019 was 2,110.00, a 0.48% increase from 2018.
70
how much is the earths albedo
* 1/3
71
what is outputted radeation called
terrestrail long wave
72
what % of suface radeoation is radeated abck to the surface
84%
73
what is global dimming
Global dimming is a phenomenon that refers to the gradual decrease in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface. It is caused by an increased albedo in the atmosphere of light from Clouds and aerosols = colling effect
74
in 2016 how much did teh Uks GHG emissions fall
* 6%
* 52% drop in emissions from coal and 52% by fossil fuels
* however from natural gass emissions rose 12.5%
75
what are your case study countries for an AC and EDC's contrabution to GHG emissions
* The Uk
* China
76
when will all teh uks coal power sations close
2025
77
how is the UK commited to carbon emissions reduction
* the climate change act 2008 ( one of the only countries with a legally binding comitment to reducing emissions)
78
when is the uk comitted to net 0
* 2050
* scotland 2045
79
how much less Co2 did we produce in 2019 than 2018
in 2019 we produces 351.5 million tonnes (Mt), 3.9 per cent lower than 2018 (365.7 Mt)
80
why can the uk reduce its emissions
* it is a AC who can aford the transition to renwables
* is si a post industrial economy so it is not reliant of heavey industry to develop ( most is profits coe from teh secondry and tetiary sectros)
* during the global shit we exported most of our heavy industry and manufacturing abord where it was cheaper labour and production costs.
* the uk has a laege strench of land in the form of coast lines / marine borbers that it can use for sustainable energy productiona nd this is not as a const to other industry by taking up land
81
how much have UK emissions decresed and when did they peak
* 1973
* however 2007 if you also considered their imports
* 38% decrese in emission since 1990
82
hwo has chins emmsions changed and contrabuted to global GHG emission in recent years
* chinas rapid industrialisation really began in about the 1950s. its started producing records of its GHG emissions in the late 80s
* its the largest country emissions wise but it aslo have teh laregst population with 1.5 billion people vs the uks 65 million
* in 2019 it produced 10.6 GT of Co2 vs trase counts in 1950 - around 30% of global emission
* flattened for three years 2014-2016 but saw 2% rise in 2017
* chinas emissions are still rising at 11.5 GT in 2021 ( depite covid ) - however acoring to the 2015 it can aford to see emissions rise till 2030.
83
how much does the averge person in the uk produce of GHG a year
5.7 metric tons of carbon dioxide
84
how much does teh averge person in china produce per year
7 metric tons CO2
85
how much CO2 did the uk produce in 2019
* 364.12 Mt
* about 1% of global emission
86
give an exaple that suggests emissions dont have to limit economic growthand that sustinable developemt can be achived
* in 2016 emissions where flat butthere was a 3.2% growth in teh global economy
87
what % of chinas energy comes from what source and why is this bad
* 60% coal - worst polutant
88
how has the Uk's energy consuption changed acording to the nation gid live in 2023
**coal**
* 30% 1990
* 0% in 2023
**natural gass**
* 24% 1990
* 19.9% today - this accounts for all our fossil fuels
**renewables**
* 9% 1990
* 40.3% today
**wind**
* 34% today
**non renewbale in total**
* 91% 1990
* 78% today
**necular**
* 21%
89
what % of chinas energy consuption is coal vs renewable vs neucular + % of fossil fluel usage in general
* 57% - huge natural supply
* 16% renewbale
* 5 % neuclar
* fossil fulels - 80%
90
why does china produce more as an EDC and why cnat we blame them
* large coal source
* rapidly developignindustrial economy ( uk did they say as tehy did just we are durther along in terms of development) ( fossil fulels is cheapest way + when large % of peopel bellow pov line developmetn is a priority by any means)
* lareg population
91
why is 9china better able to repond to cliamte change arguably than teh uk
* auocracy vs domocracy
92
in a question about teh climate change debate interms of being anthropogenic or natural or players involved what must you mention
an awareness of the history of teh cliamte change debate
93
give a time line of the global walming ? cliamte chnage debate
* **1824** french scientist Favier descovered that GHG in teh aosphere were responcible for wlaming the plannet
* **1862-98** in the late 1800s Svante Arrhenius speculated about the potential impact of increasing carbon dioxide. he thereorised that this was teh cuse of ice ags
* **1956** gilbert pass confirmed adding large amounts of CO2 to the atmophere would produce large increses in infered radeation
* **1960** Charles keelign confirmed CO2 levels were rising and heating the plannet and the oceans werent absorbing the exess like peopel predicted
* **1982** solid evidence from the ice cores on ow past CO2 emissions had caused walming.
* **1988** un estabished the intergovernmental pannel on cliamte change
* **1997** kyoto protocol
94
since when have we had edidence of the imoacts of GHG emissiosn effecting cliamte
1956
95
who are teh palyers in shaping the cliamte change debate
* **national governt**
* **international institutions**
1. **THE IPIC**
2. **COPS**
* **the media**
1. the fox news effect
2. false bias
* **PG**
* **big bussiness**
96
on a question about anthropogenic emission change what are your points
* land use change ( deforrest, urbaisationa nd afrming )
* population groth and incresed / standard of living
* increase energy demand
97
give evidence that suggests huamns arent the primary causers of climate change in the 21th centuary
* in 2010 there was a report of over 1000 sientiss includign severla whim used to work for the IPIC who disagreeded that humans were thr prinmary contrabuters to climate change, many sitedthat soclar and volcanic activerty could be to blame
* the earths cliamte has always walmed and cooled and usualkly quite rapidly with quick transitions from glacial to interglaicals especially out of glacials e.g the fladrian trangression.
* CO2 is already heavily saturated in teh earths atmophere naturally to claim that humans could impact this is ignorant
* the IPIc predicted taht himilan glaciers ould likly all met away by 2035 however a 2014 study found 87% of glaciers had not retreted in that region from 2000-2011. this demostrights how the **IPIC** could eb exadurating or in acurate
98
how much have PPM of co2 incred in the atmophere
280 ppm pre industrial
mow 400 ppm around ( significnat ) ( differnce in glacial and interglcials is only 100 at 180 vs 280 ppm )
99
evidence that **cliamte change** has been mostly anthropogenic in the 21st centuary
* 97-98% of pulished scientific findings have concluded that human emissions are leading cause
* rapid changes in wether patterns
* massive glacial loss globally 25% to 30% since 1850
* artic sea ice has decresed at rate of 13% a decaid Between 1979 and 2021
* in recent years we ahve expirence the fats rate of walming that we ever have in recent history
100
whats teh medias roel in the cliamte change debate
* **false bias**
1. inoder to not look biased the media presents a ballended debate when disscusign issues surounding cliamte change. tehy will usaully being on one sientist that is pro and one the is anti anthroprogenic climate change when in reallity 97-98% of cliamte sientists agree that humans are the leading contrabuters to climate change today.
2. this helps sutain the arguement that for cliare change denayers
**media bias**
* this is teh idea tht inoder to appeal to their viewersip and thus be a succesful bussiness media companies will push a certain narritive tehy think will sell this helpes perpetuate a more polarised debate
* Fox news is the us is a good expale of it today theyre views tend to be rigth wing american voters who are more likly to be climagte change deayers. they provde a very apealign confirmation to views peopel arealy are enclined to want to hold ( e.g say you come form michagen a coal dependent state).
* prime-time host Tucker Carlson quip that “not even climate experts understand the climate” or watch Fox contributor Dagen MacDowell suggest that climate change is a hoax because it is cold in April.
* around 16% of Americans are cliamte change denayers
101
how significant is the media in shaping the cliamte change debate
* polarisation
1. media has dicotmised with left wing pro cliate acton and rigth wing climate schetasism. even outlets such as the bBC and the independent have been critisixed for leaning oo far left. However, prime exaples include CNN and Fox news and in the Uk teh guardian and the daily telogrpah.
* reach
1. the reach of media is far gretaer than the reach of things uch as the IPIC as this is wear most peoepl source their inforation.
2. this can also be a good thing in makign peoepl aware of the truuth and dangers of cliamte change.
3. For exaple, a for of media many peopel consumed was the dvid attembrough our plannet serrise taht touched on climate change in 2019 really work the uk up to the servarity of the issue whielst using scientificlly sound source material ( not spreding fake or exadurated news)
* the rise of social medis
1. in recnt years we have seen the rise of social media esecially twitter and tik tok
2. this has greted a more polarised debate due to algrithums and false news feeding you the information you want to hear
* where thy are significant
1. media channels in the north and west are much more conserned with the cliamte change debate. the south have fuer sources funded and are more interested in developket
* voting significance
1. as peopel source most their information from the media, it heavily influences their voting patetrns.n&8% of telligrpah readers voted conservtive in 2019 for instnce. This means that the medis is likly having a huge impact on how the climate change deate palyes aout practiclly but more on a national scale / in NW countries
* the media play a huge role in shaing how the deabate plays out
1. false ballence and even behond, GBN for instance pitted jacob reese mogg a sesoned politician with media and debate trainign against a child from the jsut stop oil pg / movemnt and pitted it as a genuine ballenced climate change debate.
* howevr confirmation bais
102
what is the medias agenda in the cliate change debate
* profit ( want to apeal to tehir cosnumer basi
1. more polarised and shoking narrative pushed
* fuding
1.adverisemts and sponcers may efect what an outlet coveres
103
what are the Agendas of PG
* PG's are uually centred around political movemnts so they want to lobby politicians into **encating change** or stopping them form doing so
104
how do PG's shape teh cliamte change debate
* public awaness and thus voting patterns and influence politicians
1. green peace 400k on instageam
2. gretta thumburge youth climate striek
3. extincion rebellion in 45 countries
* lobby politicians = prctical influence
1. green peace 2018 ban of mirco beeds
105
what are the significance of PG interms of climate change
* extrremist/radical cliamte activism can limit support for cliamte activism in teh public
1. extinction rebbelions red robes and painted white faces have been described as cultish and argubly deminished their support
2. just stop oil throwing can of soup at vangugh art work
* effectivenes
1. people largly attribute green peace to helping cut oil production 40% in the uk in the last ten years
* regional limitations
1. green pease in a "threwtto national economic security in india" sighting proppert danage and fraud. they therefore cant operate there.
106
if your talkin about players in teh global cliamte chage debate what are you also takling
1. their agendas
107
whats teh agenda of TNC's in teh global cliamte change deabte
* premoting a narrative that will further their proffits
108
how have TNC's shapedthe climate change debate
* **Exon**
* exon performed studies in the 70s that acuratly predicted the cliamte change nad its correlation to GHE expetionally well
* however it has been proven they they spred miss information misleading the public as well as withheld dats.
* lobbying TNC's paly a huge role in lobbying politicians influing how the cliamte debate plays out prctcally
1. rex tillson who was the CEO of the oil company moved to ebing trumps secuatry of state in 2016 where he was able to enact trade policys taht would benifit the comapny and countre threts that envoved moving towards clean energy schemes
2. however inflence in this sense depnds of if left or right wing gov
3. big deal as US is 2 leading cliamte change palyer after chian
4. TNC's aslo play a massive roel in EDC and LID's due to economic depenceny
5. beause of globalisation tehy play a roel on the world stage
* **tesla**
* draw attention to imacts of teh transport industry in cliamte change ( 30% of all emissions come from transport)
*
109
thw roel of international organsiations in cliamt change
* **the UN**
* IPCC
1. prepares a comprehensive assesment report about practical strtergies to deal with, the physical and socioeconomic effects of climate achneg and predictions regualrl every 5-7 years since 1990 with teh last being in 2021
2. 195 member countries with thousands of scientis contributeing to each rport cross globall. = well resorced and less likly to be corrpt as such a wide basis
* COPS
1. The UN holds anual COP's with arounf 195 countries each year + eu representives - wide reachinf and to the national govs that have power
2. top down strategy and with resources from IPCC to amke plans and spred rellivant info
3. the most significnat agreemnet was paris 20015 at COP 21 when the paris cliamte acoord was sined a dession to limmit walming to 1.5 C and well bellow 2C' this included 197 counries including china
4. however, political whims ( trump repeal in 2016), not legally binding so alot of countries arnt on track.
**EU**
* Emissions Trading System (ETS): The EU operates the largest emissions trading system globally, known as the **EU ETS**. This cap-and-trade system puts a limit on greenhouse gas emissions from power plants, energy-intensive industries, and aviation. It aims to reduce emissions by allocating and trading emission allowances among participants thoug arbon credits if a company produces less than the amount of creits they are alocate they may trqde them. this progressivly decreses. companies can also get credits by offsetting thei rcarbon but it can be esay to exdurate teh means by which tehy do this
* Agreement and has set ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The EU's long-term objective is to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, meaning the balance between emitted greenhouse gases and those removed from the atmosphere should be zero.
* Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency: The EU has been promoting the use of renewable energy sources and increasing energy efficiency. It has set binding targets for renewable energy consumption and energy efficiency improvements across member states.- promotes more serious action
110
when was the IPCC created
1988
111
what are the role of national governemts in climate change debate
**the USA**
* role is limmited by lobbyests - rex tillson
* only one who can take legally binding action
1. Uk cliamet change act 2008
* subject to political whims
1. bolsenaro brazil 2019-23 on amazon climate change denayer = countries like germany pulled out of amazon funf
2. however since biden asked congress for 500 mill to it
3. inflation reduction
3. trump pulled out of cimate acord 2016 biden resigned in 2021
* huge cap to amke differnce when lareg countires act e.g us or china
1.inlation reuction act 2021
* politicians have a voice on the world stage and to the elctorate givingthem alot of power over public opioning
1. 1977 extenive report presnted to the presidnt jimmy carter forcasting the furture effects of climate change
2. installed solar pannels + national reneable energy plan
3. national paln of action agaist cliamte change wa preposed in 1978 to deal with climate chneg after 1977 report however 1980 bush won the presidency and carter wanst elected and a scrpa of the plan and the pannels on white house taken off
**the maldives**
* SIDS and smaller trapical countries asre more conserned beuse of he climate threts from floodign, sea level rise and troppical stores etc however, they arnt really contrabuting a large degree to the climate crise so cant make a differnce that way.
* they also have a rellativly small voice on the world stsge so their outcrys, no matetr how loud are rarly heard
1. president mohamid masheed as been raing awarenss about the crisis
2. in 2009 they even held a meeting of parleimnt under water
1. Tuval - first digiatal nation 2023
112
whats a big AO2 thing to mention in anthropogenic cliamte change
* Negtive and possitive feedback loops
* thresholds
* becomes more physicla once humans influence and physical sysytems (pfl) take over
113
what does RCP mean
* RCP stands for Representative ( emissions) Concentration Pathways
* It is a set of scenarios used in climate modeling to project future greenhouse gas concentrations and their potential impacts on the climate system
114
what are teh differnt RCp pathways outlined
* RCP 2.6
1. RCP 2.6 assumes a peak in greenhouse gas emissions in the near future and a subsequent decline and future removal, leading to a significant reduction in radiative forcing. It is considered a pathway consistent with ambitious mitigation efforts to limit global warming well below 2 degrees (1.5) Celsius above pre-industrial levels, in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement.
2. this pathway means no critica thresholds will be reached and enviromental system and biodverit will remain in equalibrium
* RCO 4.5
1. The RCP 4.5 pathway, also known as Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, represents a moderate emissions trajectory compared to other RCP scenarios. It assumes a scenario where greenhouse gas emissions peak around the year 2040 and then decline gradually.
2. it aims to keep the increase below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, similar to the Paris Agreement goals.
* RCP 6
1. It assumes a scenario where greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century, resulting in relatively high radiative forcing levels.
2. It is expected to exceed the 2 degrees Celsius threshold above pre-industrial levels, which is the target set by the Paris Agreement to limit global warming.
* RCP 8.5
1. emissions continue to rise rapidly throughout the 21st century
2. warming of 4 degrees Celsius or more above pre-industrial levels
115
what are emissions pathway has paris got us aiming fo vs taht were actully on
aiming for RCP2.6 but were on RCP8.5
116
what is teh threshold scienfists call ebfore experncial unstoppable PFL
2C (RCP 4.5)
117
whats the estimated sea level rise range
depending on the RCP 0.26 - 1m by the end of the centuary
118
whata re teh implications of cliamte change acordign to the spec
** to people and the enviroment**
* health
* extreem weatehr
* chages to ecosystems
119
explain the implictaions of cliamte change in terms of ecosystem
**marine**
* rasing sea temps causing coral reifs to bleach and die
1. these are soem of the most biodiverse systems of the palnnet = massive loss of biodiversity
2. about 50% of the coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef has been lost between 1985 and 2012
3. in the carabein this is as much as 80%
* artic
1. meting sea ice has desimated ice algae
2. the food chain depends on this so other specise have dwindles too e.g walf=rus and seals
3. they also raise pups on the ice and hide from sea preitors
4. the declease in ice has left a decrse in thir numbres and a decrese in their main preditors ( polar bears by 2/3 by the end of teh centuary)
5. this also threttens inuite comunities who hunt seals walrussea nd wales
* around teh UK sea surface temps have risen 1.6 degreese since 1980
1. this has limite dthe sawnign of many fish specise
2. southen fish are moving north and north even further north
3. this has implictaions for the fishing indurty as fishermen are having to adapt to catching new types of fish
**terrestrial**
* Biome shift in tundra deciduous forrest move north and as well as tundra, eventully bcome desidous = more biodiverity and betwer for birds but sisrumpt migration patterns
120
explain the implictaions of cliamte change in terms of human health
* **crop failier and drought**
1. climate change can lead to increaesed flooding of agricultural land form changing weatehr patten and incresed precipitation as well as more desertification in some regions. this can cause crop failier
2. this may lead to malnutriction and famine
3. this will disporpotiontly affect LIDC's as there is much more subsistnce farming and thye cant aford to adapt
4. this is alredy significnatly effecting The northern region of Nigeria
5. IPic suggest globally ctosrophic cerial crop fialer by 2030 - ( owver gm crops so ACs can adapt)
6. in 2010s there is estimated to be a 3% reduction in maize yeild in E afica
* **deth and injuray by troppical storms**
1. can dirrectly lead todrownign by storm surges or from infatructure collapsing
2. typhoon hyan 2013 pillopines estimated 6,3000 dead
* **icresed tropical stores = incresed spred of diseased**
1. sewage and water infastructure destroyed - chorella for instace
2. shelters and refugee caps = incresed neibouhood effect
3. after typhoon hyan there was a break out of cholera and typhoid- contrbuted to the 6,300 death toll
* **increase general diseases**
1. increse contanimation of food as some diseases can only suvise in wlamer clmates
* **increse teh range of vector born diseases**
* anophomels mosphitos that thrive in wlam wet confitiosn (20 to 30 degrees) = more marlia
* as temps walm migrate north and higher altitudes - most citys at high altitudes e.g. Addis Ababa etheopia = almot more deatsh ) especilly in develping world that ill be effecte first. already leading cause of deatha t 800,00 live a year in devloping world - althoug europe and medeeterain beter able to respond
* **changing weather patternicrese vecor born diseases**
* cliamte change + more presip = more breeding grounds of stagent water for anophomels mosphitos that thrive in wlam wet confitiosn. = more malaria
**stats**
* the WHO estimate a huge scale extra 250,000 deatsh a year from 2030-2015 linked to cliamte change
121
explain the implictaions of cliamte change in terms of extreemweather
* **tropical stormes**
* chznges to atmopheric presure patterns
1. typhoon hyan2013 6,300 dead
* **drougts**
* changes n atmopheric surculation and more evapotranspiration
1. european heat wave 2003
2. an estimated 70,000 additional deaths across Europe during the summer period. The elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions were particularly vulnerable. - intresing as shows sevire effects fro AC's too
* **havey rain fall**
* incresed evapo transiration and amopheric circulation of water and humidity
* **heat waves**
* incresed temps and hotetrsummers
1. european heat wave 2003
2. an estimated 70,000 additional deaths across Europe during the summer period. The elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions were particularly vulnerable. - intresing as shows sevire effects fro AC's too
* **cold spells**
* **blizars**
* changes to atmopheric circulation = strog winds
* **tornado**
* **mid latitude despressions**
122
list some exaples of the vunrabillity of peopel and place to cliamte change
* SIDS - changes in the enviroment
* European heat wave 2003 - wether
* sommerset levl floods - weather
123
when were the sommer set elevl floods + why are they rellivnt
* 2013
* effecst of AC = less sevire
* impacts on people envirloment due to climate change
124
list the impacts of the sommer set level flods
* Over 600 homes and 6880 hectares of agricultural land were flooded
* Estimates suggest that 10% of the area was underwater
* On 30 May to 1 June, 150 to 200 mm of rain fell
* 200 mill to tourist industry - signifcant fincially
* The soil was damaged after being underwater for nearly three months. In some areas, it took over two years to restore the soil before crops could be grown
* As aC can aford 100mill pound scheme over 20 years to old protect 600 homes
* less significant than the thoughs that often die in LIDC's
125
give stats about the european heat wave 2003
* thought to have caused an extra 70,00 detahs to the old and peopel with prexisting health cosnidions
* significnat as big imapcta nd AC
5. Crop yields were severely affected, resulting in reduced agricultural productivity and economic losses for farmers however as AC imports meant that tehre wasnt famine
4. Crop losses were estimated at €13.1 billion in France alone.
3. Wheat production in France dropped by about 20% compared to the previous year.
2. Grape harvests in Italy, Spain, and France were significantly reduced, affecting wine production.
1. In the United Kingdom, water companies implemented hosepipe bans and urged conservation measures.
* eurpe could aford to adapt
126
how has cliamte chnge effeted and will effect teh maldives
1. highets point above seav leve; is 2.5 m
1. migrnats and reguees
2. dcrese GDP as thsi happens ( likly yong economiclly active first ) - significant as GDP is already low at around 11k per cap
3. infastruture, hospitals aschools etc detrpyed
4. all industry destroyed as well as tourist industry as tehre is les sland to vist. - 66.7 % of econ
* 97% of the country no longer has fresh ground water as contaminated - current effect
* more suseptabel to tropiacal stores such as Cyclone Tauktae which occurred in May 2021
1. reduce tourism which is 66.7% of GDP
* storms and big waves are killign mangoves and corals making the costs more suseptbel to storm suges and dnages to infstruture and flooding
* LIDC so suseptable to dange
* SIDS
* small population of 531k but significnat as almost all will have to be relocated
* farm land is being flooded disruting supply chaisn
127
whats teh maldives GDP
11k per capita
128
whats teh UK's GDP per capiat
45k per capita
129
whats teh GDP per cpaita of china
11k but high gini coefficent so they are ich country ( 19.3 mill GNI)
130
what % of the maldives GDP comes from tourism
66%
131
whats teh highest point above sea lvel of teh maldives
2.5 m
132
maldives cyclone resently
cuclone Tauktae 2021 - no reported deatsh destroyed a numbre of schools and hositals and devistate dmangraves leavign country incresingly suseptabel
133
juxtapose maldives respoce to cliamte change vs US
* 4.6 billion storm and sea wall off the caost of miami florida to protect it from sea levl rise and storm surges
* vs madives giv is funding mangive forrest with can esilly eb destoryed and take years to go
* + matives has alsomt no voice on teh political stage to get help from otehr natiosn
* may have to buy up land of other nation which could be expensive and **challenge sov**
* (land loss in the fist place is a challenge to sova nd teriotrial integ arguably by countries who are responcable for wlaming)
134
hwhy are soem countries more vunrable than others
* welth / deebloemt
1. reponce abillity
* physial vunrabillty
1. suseptbillity to storms
2. hight above sea level (SIDS)
3. sahel ( drught and desertifcation)
135
what are the predicted impacts of cliamte achneg on the artic and why are they worse
* natral eco sytems fall apart as decribed earlier
* biom shift
* sea levl rise
* **artic amplification** - abledo and perma frost (PFL and Threshols )
136
what are the two types of ways to deal with climate change
mittigation and adaption
137
what is mittiagtion
reducing the impacts
138
what are the methods of mittigation list?
| 5
* energy efficency and conservation
* fuel shifts and low carbon surces
* CCS
* forrestry strtergies
* geo engeiraring
139
how can energy efficency in homes act to mittigate cliate chnage
**what is it**
1. improved insulation and double glazing
2. using solar pannels
3. smart meatres
4. energy effient bolbs
5. decreasing demand by reducing usage
**exaples**
* teh green deal schmem- gove loan scheme thats allowed you to pay back enviroemntal home improvemnts over a 10-25 year period - 2013-2015 ( no longer due to cuts) - made accesible to all
* energy company obligations - energy comapnies abliged to meet heating and efficency standards ( bulbs insulation tc) - only suppiers with over 150,000 customers are obiged, also doesnt effcte pre owned hoems - only in uk
**evaluation**
* if every house was energy effienct then the UK would achive 11% of its goal for net 0 by 2015
* small scale and only UK
* no dealign with the problem of switching energy usage just reduction
* home updates without gov scheme is very costly and there is little insentive
140
how can fuel shifts and low carbon sourceing act to mittigate cliate chnage
**examples**
* **the transition of coal to Natural gass**
1. only less poluting not renewble
2. switched in 70s to using NG as primar sourse ( however, this is becuse Uk has acces to NS reserve) - location pecific
3. now began to reduce dependency and ranges from about 13-19% when its been as high as 40 % of the NG
4. no coal used nwo when used to domiante in 20th cnetuary bein 30% in 1990
* **transition to wind**
1. eye saw, noisy and can take up alot of spce
2. UK only has so many as expases off off shore marine territory
3. September 2021, the UK had over 10,000 wind turbines across onshore and offshore
4. 34% of energy today on grid at any one point
* **use of bio fuels**
1. made from organic materials such as bead crops ect and sub fossil fuels - still polutant
* **neucular power**
1. costly, preposed over 20 bill neucular power plant (ndrax in north your shire had to be scrpped as too much for gov) - makes especially difficult for LIDC's
2. issue of what to do with wast ( no propper way of diposal exept burrying it unde rgoround)
3. K6 Lumbres in france - nut depended on left wing enviromental consious culture
4. at any one time up to 21% of the grids energy is sauced form neucluar vs alost non in 1990 ( at certain times)
5. very efficent 1 poer plant produces about teh same as 333 wind turbines
* **electric veichcles**
* gove may implent finacial insetives e.g in norway - 54% of sales
**AO2**
* only AC's as reneables are more expenive
* natural gass l+ reneables sucha s tidal, soalr wind and hydroelctric all rlly on specific enviromntal conditions
* more expensive initual cosr
* no fuels required for reneabwls - one tiem cost
* some renewables less effective
141
how can CCS act to mittigate cliate chnage
**explaine**
* pumpede to pourous rocks with impermible suroundings to store CO2 gass from poweplanrs. eiter pipes or trauck stransport
* first speration
* compresssed and traqnsfured
* mosttly for coal buring power stations
* To provide an example, the Gorgon gas field project in Australia, one of the largest operational CCS projects, is designed to capture and store approximately 3.4 to 4 million metric tons of CO2 annually.
**AO2**
* on average costs = 20% of the profits of the power station - only AC's
* very location specific
* leaking e.g into o undergroud resivwires is aconern
142
how can forrestry act to mittigate cliate chnage
**explain**
* A + reforresaiton
* sequestration of CO2 though photoyn
* UN REDD Schemem - reducing emissiosn from deforrettion and forrest degridation ]
1. 65 countriesn - 7 mill tress in costa rica
* Amazon protection fund sinced no more bolsenro
* paria proje ct in brazil 20 mill nfats growing hard wood trees - reforrestion
1. takes 25 yeaars to grow minimum
2. 4000 small holds
**AO2**
* un like the other methods it actually working to remove CO2 from the atmophere not just prevent further emissions
* afordable
* tskes time to grow
* may be cut down
* significant scale. iPPC reported tehat tress could remove up to 1.6 GT of co2 per year ( however thats compared to 50 GT of emission in 2000)
* only so much land and land aslo needed for urbansiation and farming
143
low significant scale wise is lan use chnage in tems of deforestation scale of emissions
4.8 GT ( 8-10% of emissions )
144
geo engeineaing
**explain**
* large scale interventon in gloabls systms to prvent chnage
* solar radeation mangement
1. increasing ablebeo and enforcing global dimming
2. Cool seal in california paing roads white to reduce urban heat iland effect
* stratospheric erosols
1. theory of puming sulfphere diodide into the atmophere to inceade global dimming ( by planes) - not yet tested
* artificila trees
1. plastic that absorbs co2
2. relltivly afordable
3. just was plaikc inwater and can be relesed - storage and reusal
2. eye saw
3. still being tested - some in arizona
4. 900 metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year ones being tested in switzerland ( this is compared to 22 kg of regular trees on agerage
**AO2**
* not tested / hypertetical
* arosols dont have a long life span usually only mounths at longest this would mean costly replenishemnts
* may danage teh ozone liek what happened in australian - more skin cansa
* may only delay effect and cause latent heating
* for it to hve an effect on a global sacle huge quanitys will need to be used.
* tec of furture problem is now
145
in an essay about teh most effective mitigation strats what are your paragrohs
* fuel shifts and low carbon sourcing
* geoengenering
* CCS
**con** - combintaion but fuel shifts right now including sutinable developem most important
146
what are the thr three frame works for adaption
* retreat
* acomidate
* protect
147
give a kind of case study exaple of energy effiecny and conseration to mittigate climat change
* **bedzed - london**
* failed biofluel
* insulation, south facing, 90% energy reduction
* 82 homes
148
what 5 of france elc is neucular
75%
149
whats another preposed geo engeearing
* space mirrors
* estimated 5 mill per pannel
150
how mush has the uk' emision fallen since 1990
505
151
what is adaption retreat + e.g +AO2
* manges costal retreate and river flood plaines
1. scrificing costal areas as a cost for climate chneg
2. kensington medows - reduce flooding up stream
2. porlock bay salt marsh 1996 and movign grazing land 500m inland from where it was before
**AO2**
3. Uk is a larege country with most ist land significnatly above sea level. (maldives and other SIDS) cant aford to do this
4. cheap
5. lost ag land
6. cant aford to retreat if already urban/ industry there ( only some location)
152
what is adaption accomidation + e.g +AO2
* making changes in stratergies to accomidate changes
1. drought resistant crops
2. bangladesh deveolped new types of saline resitant GMO rice props fo when flooding occures + practices such as shrimp farming becoming more popular
3. there is a growing wine industry in teh south of teh uk
**AO2**
* adaption such as GMO crops can be expesive cost momey for rseach and LIDC subsistnce farmers who nee dthem the most dont have tehm
153
what is adaption protection + e.g +AO2
* puttng mesures inplace to fight teh effects of climate change
1. 12 mill mangove restorataion schmeme inthe madives ( funded externally)
2. 4.6 billion dollar storm wall florida
3. 12.3 mill mine head costal defense scheme
4. thames barrier 1982, £534 million
5. urban greening + cool seal painf roads to reduce urban heat iland - links to place ( built and natural enviromnt) - - chicargo green roofs 25C f vs 77 without
**AO2**
* schemes become out of date with thresholds
* only AC aford affective strats
154
what is statioanrity
* adapting to the current norms / issues without considerign / knowlege of how bad things will get once certain thresholds are reached
1. ( thames barrier will eventually be breached)
155
what will future cities trnsport andecons look liek
* green roofs and rban greening
1. reduce urban heat iland and CO2 from cits
1. chigargo 25 vs 77 C' F
* houses
1. bed zed - south facingv and windows for walmth in wintre
* offices
1. less glass reduce green house
* singappor water cooling air system for multiple buildigns - 40% less expensive - lodon does with underground - like taking 10,000 acrs off teh road
156
what teh main limmitation with adapyion
* statioanrity and thresholhs
* limmited time fraames before need replacing
* epensive
157
what are issues that u forgot about some mittiagtion
* systems therory ( thresholds and pfl) so has to be done
* alot is green washing tho
158
what more effective mittiagtion or adaption
* mittiagtion - AC's must do as LIDC are most in dnager and tehy cant aford either really.
* + expenive in short term for benifisin long tem
1. e.g mine head 21 mills aved from 12.3 mill coast defense scheme
159
LIDC that has been effected by manging climte chnage
bangladesh
160
what does climate change management envolve
adaptiona nd mittiagtion
161
what envirometal impact are banladesh afceing from cliamte chanage + ops + cliamte change
**challenges they face**
* 10% of country is 1m above sea levls ( not bangladesh)
* vunrable to troppical storms storm surges
**potencial ops**
* saturated land - op for shrimp farming
* people migarting of daka capital where more protected inland+ bteer standard of living
162
what are you case studies for mjittiagtion and adaption ( mangaing climagte change)
* bangladesh - LIDC
* UK - AC
163
how is banladesh mittiagting cliamte change
* effort of moving to ceramic stoves that use half the fuel thus less C02 emissions - tehy arnt relly doing much but tehy only produce 0.21 tones of CO2 per capita/yr wicthc is really tace amounts ( significtly less than a single person in the uk)
164
how mcuh CO2 does bangladesh produce per capita
0.21 tonnes/cap/yr
165
challenges for banglasesh interms of mittiagtion
* limyed moneytry wise
* limited political voice and rep ( non at cop)
* foccusing on developmet aspoor LIDC ( GDP 2,000 per cap)
166
bangalsdesh GDP per capita
* 2k
167
how is bangladesh adapting to climate change
* GMOsal tollerant rice crops so saline solution when feeds flood ( also shrimp farming)
* Bangladesh’s southwestern coastal districts are growthing mangoves ( funded by NGO's
168
challenges bangladesh gfaces in adapting to cliamte change
* DAKA has pop of 13 mill and 600 dangage channels need to be built to aloow daka to drane in the case of storms and monsoons. however this is incredibly expenive and bangladesh cant aford
* subsitance farmers who are most of pop cant get their hans on GMo salt resitant ctops
169
what are soem climate change relted challens the UK is facing
* urnan heat iland effect in london
* specise such as teh collorado beatal are threttened in scotland due to rising temps
* sea levl rise threttens sommer sert levls thames barrier
* droughts for london and south with hotter summer
1. we have drange basin mangemt so this isnt a problem
170
what are some opertunities the uk might egt from cliamte change
* wine industry in teh south + longer growing season and greter crop yeild
* ranbow fish being seen around cornish coast
* tourist industry may befidt e.g swange and black pool as less peopel feel teh need to go abroad
171
how is teh UK mittiagting climate change
* cliamte chnage act 2008 - commited to net 0 2050
* off shore wind investment etc
* school net 0 2030
172
challenges to the uk mittiagting
* issues with neucualr
* brexit thretten investment form EU in renewbles - 4 bill resived before progress may slow
* wind farms kill birds and interfear with migration patters + peopel protest when inland
173
how is the uk adapting to cliamte change
* mine head
* 102...? mill somemr set levels flood schemem
* thames barrier 1982 over 500mill
* air colling of jubalee lien
* geen wall to insulate buildings
* Can aford as AC
174
challenges to adaption in teh UK
* expensiev
* may have to be 20 bill comitment to outer thames tidal barrage
* retreat may - backlash ( prtect or let go areas liek sommer set levls)
* not sutainable to keep devloping new incrinsly more deratic tec
175
what does teh IPCC stand for
the international governmental plannel on climate change
176
what are teh geo political players in climate change
* carbon trading
* IPCC
* international dirrectives (COPS/ protocols)
* national
* subnation schemes
177
what are the roles of COP's and international dirrectives in cliamte change reponces
**expalin**
* to down global pan wit suppoert of IPCC and their comprehensive reseach - accuracy + scale of apreoch
**examples**
* Cop 21- paris 195 countries including super powers US and china 1.5 degrees well bellow 2
* COP 26 glasgow - daages fun agreed but not who wouls fund ( non omitmenst ) (common theame of tehre being alsot of empty words)
* 26 - india scale down coal agreed to 45% by 2030 to say on track ( not happenign atm)
* braxil agreed to end deforrets by 2030 - cop 27
**AO2**
* ambisuous
* regualr - every year
* paris and ohet deals relly on future sequestration / action to be efecteive and still allow emsiions to rise
* sale most cops have 195-7 countries attening and agreeing
* orgnaised by UK, has to repect countries sov ( cant enforce)
* political whims - no chian keoto - trump 2016 paris
* global scale
* 1997 there was a 100 bill a year sustainable developmet fund which is yet to be met despite 2020 goal ( very far off)- empty words ( kyoto)
* failer to act - to reach current RCP 2.6 target we woudl need a 43% reduction by 2030 we are on track for
178
when was kyoto + name + how many signed up
* 1997
* 192 countries
* COP 3
179
how regular are cops
every year
180
what are the roles of IPCC in cliamte change reponces
* over 195 mebers of thousand of scientis and 3 working groups ( physical science) (impacts) , (adaptions and mittigation)
* produces extensive report every 5-7 years
* once who determined the 2 C walming limmit
**AO2**
* no real power
* diverity and large numbre of opions - non bias
* contrabues/ works with COP confirences to have a practical effect
* watwred down ( many remotly controverula things moved)
181
how many countries signed up to paris climat accord
197
182
what are the roles of carbon credits and trading in cliamte change reponces
* European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)
* ( worlds laregst ) ( operating since 2003)
* i carbon credit = a ton of CO2
* 100 euros on av pers ton of carbon
* trade on maret, inseitve finacilly for companies to cut down their emission
* progresivly amount of credits available decreases
**AO2**
* many dont have these rules apply
* includes most industry liek ag travel ect
* welthier/richer companies able to buy up more credits so dont act
* many companies will offset tehir arbon to gain credits by inveting in sutinable schemes. however tehy often lie abou how effective these are so emission still go up depite teh scheme - green washing
1. microsoft in peru brought pre existing trees
183
what are the role of national and subnational policy in the cliamte change reponces
**california**
* met tehir taget of 30% reduction of GHG by 2020 -
* on track for 50% revewbale by 2050 - assembly bill 25 (AB 25)
* 350,00 employed in solar in teh us vs only 71k in coal - finalcilly beificial - us nation wise scale
* 331,000 jobs in claifornia dirrectly linked to clean en
* autheristaion to cool sea in major citys to paint roads white to reduce urban heat iland effect
* significnat as quite large pop of 40 mill
**Sweden**
* 1990-2006 cut carbon emission 9% ( early action) - more than was needed for kyoto ( could aford a 4% rise)
* abillity to invest in clean energy as left wing hight ax cukture
* carbon tax - if didnt have emisions would esimated be 20% higher today - this iscresed 2.5 in 2022
* very welthy ( gdp 60,000 per cap0
**AO2**
* swenden can actwith relltive ease as small country with pop of only 9.8 mill
* soverignty means can be enforces
* small scale when global probem
* harder for LIDC's
* subject to politcial change
* depends on politcial eniciatives ( west cost very lberal left wing)
* depend on fiancoal power - california econ is 3.2 trillion ( put in top ten if were a country)
* political shortermism
184
whats it called when politcians wont take big actions as they want to be rellected or they do what benifits econ emiditly
* politicla shortermism
*
185
whats it called when a xountry switches to less carbon / fossil fuels
decarbonisation
186
whats an issue with teh Uks aurrnet scliamt6e legistaltin
* only cover 39% of emission we need to to reach net 0 by 2050
* ( means alot of offsetting which isnt delaing with issue in long term)
187
how many tones person of carbon is poduced by peopel in the uk
* 9.26 tonnes on average
188
order the points for geopolictiical repoce to cliamte change
* interntional governmental pannels and IPCC
* national and subnational gov
* carbon credits and trading
189
whats teh capital of bangladesh
dhaka
190
how much CO2 was produced in 2018
* 36.5 GT
191
whwne did the world GHG emsissons peak
they are close to peaking and sloping off but not yet
