Clin chem quiz 1

Question 1

Clinical chemistry,also known as

Answer 1

Biochemistry or Medical biochemistry

Question 2

is a branch of laboratory medicine that focuses on the _________________ for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Answer 2

Analysis of body fluids

Question 3

Importance of Clinical Chemistry

Answer 3

Diagnosis of diseases
Monitoring Disease progression
and treatment
Screening
Prognosis

Question 4

Key Components of Clinical Chemistry

Answer 4

Specimen Collection and Handling
Analytical Techniques
Quality Control and Assurance

Question 5

Proper collection, handling, and storage of
specimens (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.) are critical to ensure accurate test results.

Answer 5

Specimen Collection and Handling

Question 6

Separates proteins based on their size and charge, useful in
diagnosing multiple myeloma.

Answer 6

Electrophoresis

Question 6

Used to measure the
concentration of substances by assessing
light absorption at specific wavelengths.

Answer 6

Spectrophotometry

Question 7

Separates complex
mixtures, essential for drug testing and
toxicology.

Answer 7

Chromatography

Question 8

Detect specific proteins
or hormones using antigen-antibody reactions, commonly used for hormone levels and infectious disease markers.

Answer 8

Immunoassays

Question 9

Provides precise molecular information, useful in identifying and quantifying complex compounds.
This includes regular calibration of instruments, use of control samples, and participation in proficiency testing programs.

Answer 9

Mass spectrometry

Question 10

Common Tests in Clinical Chemistry

Answer 10

Electrolyte panel
Liver function tests
Renal function test
Lipid panel
Cardiac marker
Glucose testing
Hormone test
Tumor markers

Question 11

Measures levels of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate, critical for diagnosing and managing dehydration, kidney disease, and acid-base disorders.

Answer 11

Electrolyte panel

Question 12

Include tests for enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, and albumin, helping diagnose liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Answer 12

Liver function tests

Question 13

Include creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), used to assess kidney function.

Answer 13

Renal function test

Question 14

Measures cholesterol levels (total, LDL, HDL) and triglycerides, important for assessing cardiovascular disease risk.

Answer 14

Lipid panel

Question 15

Include troponins, CK-MB, and myoglobin, essential for diagnosing and managing myocardial infarction.

Answer 15

Cardiac marker

Question 16

Includes fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and HbA1c, crucial for diagnosing and managing
diabetes.

Answer 16

Glucose testing

Question 17

Measure levels of
hormones such as thyroid hormones (T3, T4, TSH), reproductive hormones (estrogen, testosterone), and adrenal hormones (cortisol).

Answer 17

Hormone test

Question 18

Include PSA (prostate-specific antigen), CA-125, and CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), used in cancer diagnosis and monitoring.

Answer 18

Tumor markers

Question 19

The field is rapidly advancing with the integration of ___________, ________, and ____________________, paving the way for personalized medicine.

Answer 19

Genimics, proteomics and metabolics

Question 20

Key Roles and Responsibilities

Answer 20

Specimen collection and handling
Performing analytical test
Quality control and assurance
Data analysis and interpreta
Instrument maintenance and trouble shooting
Ensuring laboratory safety
Professional development and education
Regulating compliance

Question 21

MTs/MLSs are responsible for collecting, labeling, and processing biological specimens such as blood, urine, and other bodily fluids. Proper collection and handling are critical to ensure the integrity and accuracy of
test results.
o They must adhere to standard
operating procedures (SOPs) and maintain strict quality control to prevent contamination and degradation of samples.

Answer 21

Specimen collection and handling

Question 22

They conduct a wide range of biochemical tests to measure glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, and other analytes. These tests are essential for diagnosing diseases like diabetes, liver disease, kidney disorders, and
hormonal imbalances.
o They use sophisticated laboratory
instruments and techniques such as spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, and immunoassays.

Answer 22

Performing analytical test

Question 23

MTs/MLSs implement and monitor quality control procedures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of test results.

Answer 23

Quality control and assurance

Question 24

They analyze test results and correlate them with clinical conditions. While pathologists and clinicians make final diagnoses, MTs/MLSs provide essential preliminary interpretations and flag abnormal results for further review. o They must stay updated on reference ranges and clinical significance of various test parameters.

Answer 24

Data analysis and interpreta

Question 25

MTs/MLSs are responsible for the routine maintenance, calibration, and troubleshooting of laboratory instruments. They ensure that all equipment is functioning correctly and efficiently, minimizing downtime and ensuring continuous operation. o They also manage inventory and order necessary reagents and supplies.

Answer 25

Instrument maintenance and trouble shooting

Question 26

They follow strict safety protocols to protect themselves and their colleagues from potential hazards such as chemical exposure, biological risks, and physical injuries. o They are trained in handling hazardous materials, waste disposal, and responding to emergencies.

Answer 26

Ensuring laboratory safety

Question 27

Continuous professional development is essential for MTs/MLSs. They attend workshops, conferences, and training sessions to keep abreast of advancements in clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. o They may also be involved in teaching and mentoring students, interns, and new staff, sharing their expertise and promoting best practices in the laboratory.

Answer 27

Professional development and education

Question 28

MTs/MLSs ensure that the laboratory complies with all regulatory requirements set by health authorities and accreditation bodies such as the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), College of American Pathologists (CAP), and Joint Commission. o They prepare for and participate in inspections and audits, maintaining documentation and ensuring that the laboratory meets all standards.

Answer 28

Regulating compliance

Question 29

Impact on Patient Care

Answer 29

Accurate and timely diagnosis Monitoring disease progression Improving patient outcomes Cost effective healthcare

Question 30

An enzyme found mainly in the liver; elevated levels can indicate liver damage.

Answer 30

Alanine aminotransferase

Question 31

A protein produced by the liver, essential for maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting substances in the blood.

Answer 31

Albumin

Question 32

An enzyme related to the bile ducts; high levels may indicate liver disease or bone disorders.

Answer 32

Alkaline phosphatase

Question 33

An enzyme found in the liver and heart; elevated levels can indicate liver or muscle damage.

Answer 33

Aspartate aminotransferase

Question 34

A yellow compound formed during the breakdown of red blood cells; high levels can cause jaundice and indicate liver dysfunction.

Answer 34

Bilirubin

Question 35

A measure of urea levels in the blood, used to assess kidney function.

Answer 35

Blood urea nitrogen

Question 36

A lipid essential for cell membrane structure, but high levels can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Answer 36

Cholesterol

Question 37

An enzyme found in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle; elevated levels can indicate muscle damage or myocardial infarction.

Answer 37

Creatinine kinase

Question 37

A waste product from muscle metabolism, used to assess kidney function.

Answer 37

Creatinine

Question 38

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Answer 38

Diabetes mellitus

Question 39

A protein fragment produced when a blood clot dissolves; elevated levels may indicate thrombosis.

Answer 39

D-dimer

Question 40

Minerals in the blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

Answer 40

Electrolytes

Question 41

A laboratory technique to detect antibodies or antigens in a sample.

Answer 41

Enzyme-linked immunoasorbent assay

Question 42

Atestmeasuring blood glucose levels after a period of fasting, used to diagnose diabetes.

Answer 42

Fasting blood glucose

Question 43

A test to estimate how much blood passes through the glomeruli of the kidneys each minute; a key indicator of kidney function.

Answer 43

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 43

Aproteinthatstoresironinthe body; levels indicate the amount of stored iron.

Answer 43

Ferritin

Question 44

An enzyme involved in the transfer of amino acids and peptides; elevated levels can indicate liver disease.

Answer 44

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

Question 45

A simple sugar that provides energy for the body; blood glucose levels are critical in diagnosing and managing diabetes.

Answer 45

Glucose

Question 46

Aformofhemoglobin that is measured to identify the average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods; used in diabetes management.

Answer 46

Hemoglobin A1c

Question 47

Often referred to as "good cholesterol," HDL helps remove cholesterol from the arteries.

Answer 47

High density lipoprotein

Question 48

A laboratory technique that uses the binding between an antigen and its antibody to identify and quantify substances.

Answer 48

Immunoassay

Question 49

Astandardized number that's calculated based on the results of a PT test; used to monitor patients on anticoagulant therapy.

Answer 49

International normalized ratio

Question 50

Chemicals that the liver produces when there is not enough insulin in the body; high levels are found in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Answer 50

Ketones

Question 51

Produced in muscles during vigorous exercise; elevated levels can indicate tissue hypoxia.

Answer 51

Lactic acid

Question 52

A group of tests that measure cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Answer 52

Lipid profile

Question 53

A protein in heart and skeletal muscles that binds oxygen; elevated levels can indicate muscle injury.

Answer 53

Myoglobin

Question 54

A mineral involved in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body; essential for muscle and nerve function.

Answer 54

Magnesium

Question 55

A protein produced by the prostate gland; elevated levels can indicate prostate cancer or other prostate conditions.

Answer 55

Prostatic specific antigen

Question 56

A hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood; abnormalities can indicate parathyroid disorders.

Answer 56

Parathyroid hormon

Question 57

Procedures and measures taken to ensure the accuracy and reliability of laboratory tests.

Answer 57

Quality control

Question 57

A group of tests to evaluate kidney function, including BUN, creatinine, and electrolytes.

Answer 57

Renal panel

Question 58

The normal/abnormal range of values for a given laboratory test, used to interpret individual results.

Answer 58

Reference range

Question 59

An essential electrolyte that helps regulate water balance and is crucial for nerve and muscle function.

Answer 59

Sodium

Question 60

A technique used to measure the amount of light absorbed by a solution, used in various biochemical assays.

Answer 60

Spectrophotometry

Question 61

A type of fat (lipid) found in the blood; high levels can increase the risk of heart disease.

Answer 61

Triglycerides

Question 62

A waste product formed from the breakdown of purines; high levels can lead to gout and kidney stones.

Answer 62

Uric acid

Question 63

A waste product formed in the liver and excreted by the kidneys; measured in blood and urine to assess renal function.

Answer 63

Urea

Question 64

A fat-solublevitaminessential for calcium absorption and bone health; deficiencies can lead to rickets or osteomalacia.

Answer 64

Vitamin- D

Question 65

A laboratory method used to detect specific protein molecules from a mixture of proteins. Reference: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics.

Answer 65

Western blot

Question 66

The process of obtaining blood from a vein, usually for laboratory testing.

Answer 66

Venipuncture