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clin lab cards Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the major disciplines embodied in clin lab medicine?

A

hematology, urinalysis, clinical chem

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2
Q

4 disciplines in clin lab that are most relevant to chiro

A

hematology, urinalysis, clinical chem and serology

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3
Q

types of clinical labs

A

commercial is best, then all the rest

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4
Q

what are the 5 reasons for ordering a lab test?

A

confirm clinical impressions or est. a diagnosis, rule out a diagnosis, monitor therapy, est. prognosis, screen for health

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5
Q

what is a wellness screening

A

testing of asymptomatic people who are basically healthy

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6
Q

what dzs should be seen in wellness screenings?

A

prevelent, ones that can be detected prior to s/sx, treatable, and have harmful consequences if untreated

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7
Q

what agencies monitor wellness screenings?

A

AHRA and canadian task force

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8
Q

def reference range

A

normal range that is est. by testing large number of healthy individuals, then performing a stat analysis of results

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9
Q

what does the reference range follow?

A

the gausserian distribution

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10
Q

how are reference ranges used in practice?

A

mean and standard deviation

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11
Q

what is a statisical outlier?

A

5% of people that are healthy but test outside of the 95%

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12
Q

conventional units=

A

mm

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13
Q

international units=

A

L

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14
Q

def of profile/ panel testing

A

collection of different tests that are related to a particular organ/ dz

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15
Q

good thing about panel testing?

A

faciliate pattern recognition

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16
Q

bad thing about panel testing?

A

each test added increases probability of an increased number of abnormal results in healthy pt

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17
Q

def hematology

A

study related to blood and blood flow

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18
Q

what are the sites of hematopoiesis in fetal and adult life`

A

yolk sac, liver/ spleen, long bones, axial skeleton

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19
Q

def of reticulocyte

A

last immature stage of RBC that occurs after nucleus is extruded in bone marrow and may contain fragments of RNA and mitochondria which makes it polychromatic

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20
Q

hemoglobin synthesis stages

A

synth in nucleated cell in bone marrow; heme is produced when iron is enzymatically inserted to PROTOPORPHORYN; poly ribossmes make globin chains in pairs which provides for insertion of one heme molecule

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21
Q

def of ineffective erythropoiesis?

A

premature death of RBCs and decreased output as well

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22
Q

def of shift to left

A

increase number of stab cells in circulation

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23
Q

def of stab cells

A

immature neurophils

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24
Q

def of band cell

A

immature neurophils

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25
what is the function of T cell?
cellular immunity
26
what is the function of B cell?
humoral immunity (turns into a plasma cell)
27
def atypical lymphocyte
damaged or morphologically different lymphocyte seen in viral infections
28
other names for atypical lymphocytes?
downey cell or reactive lymphocyte
29
when do you see neutrophilia?
stress, purulent infection, leukemia
30
when do you see lymphocytosis?
chronic bacterial infections
31
when do you see macrocytosis?
chronic inflam and TB
32
when do you see eosinophilia?
parasites, allergies, hodkins lymphoma\
33
when do you see basophilia?
myeloproliferative dz
34
when do you see neutropenia?
deitary def, overwhelming bacterial infection, viral infection
35
when do you see lymphopenia?
immunodef dz, radiation
36
def megakaryopoiesis?
production of thrombocytes
37
what influences megakaryopoiesis?
thrombopoietin, and megakaryocyte growth and development factor
38
3 tests tha evaluate hematopoiesis?
CBC, reticulocyte count, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
39
def of CBC
one of most common lab tests and often used as a clinical screening eval. Can show chronic infection, allergies and clotting probs
40
what tests in CBC test for anemia?
RBC count, Hemoglobin conc, hematocrit
41
what tests in CBC categorize anemia?
MCV, MCH,MCHC
42
what is an early sign of anemia?
RDW
43
Erythrocytosis
too many RBCs
44
polycythemia
proportion of blood vol that is RBC
45
what results of a CBC = microcytic anemia and hypochromic?
decr MCV, MCH, MCHC
46
what results of a CBC= normocytic anemia and normochromic?
normal MCV, MCH, MCHC
47
What results of a CBC = macrocytic anemia?
incr MCV, but normal MCH,MCHC
48
def of polychromatophilia?
incr amount of reticulocytes
49
def of poikilocytosis?
strange shapes
50
def of aniscocytosis?
random sizes
51
what changes with aniscocytosis?
RDW
52
def of relative WBC diff count?
relative % of each type of circulating WBC as determined by counting 100 WBC on a strained peripheral blood cells
53
def of absolute WBC diff count?
determined by a machine
54
what is the formula to calc absolute differential count
relative % x total WBC= absolute count
55
when is bone marrow aspiration and biopsy clinically indicated?
for rendering definitive diagnosis in most myelo/lymphoprolifeative dz
56
what is seen in routine serum?
total bilirubin (unconjugated and conjugated)
57
what is seen in routine urine?
urobilinogen and conjugated bilirubin
58
how is plasma changed to urine?
blood enters the gromerular capillaries at 70 mmHg, these capillaries don?t let large proteins get through so you a smaller filtrate
59
what are the descriptors of abnormal urination?
frequency, urgency, dysyuria
60
wha is the difference b/t children and adults with urine production?
children make 3-4x more than adults per kilogram
61
advantage of the first morning collection?
most conc, bladder incubated, best specific grav, nitrate, protein and microscopic
62
disadvant of first morning collection
not convient
63
advantage of the random collection
conient
64
3 analytes monitored in 24 hr collection?
protein (kidney); calcium (not done in routine urinalysis); hormones and their metabolites
65
why do you need to run a urinalysis in 1 hr?
elements form (casts); bilirubin and urobilinogen degrade with light; glucose is eaten by bacteria; and ketones evaporate
66
what do you do visually in RU?
color and appearance
67
what do you do chemically in RU?
pH, spec grav, protein, ketones etc
68
wha do you do microscopically in RU?q
RBC, WBC, epethilial cells etc.
69
colorless urine=
may mean low kidney function
70
dark yellow urine=
conc and bilirubin-> dehydrated and hepatobilliary issues
71
red urine=
blood (UT blood); hemoglobin (intravascular hemolysis); food dyes and beats
72
brown urine=
acid hematin and bilirubin
73
when might you see acidic urine?
normal in western diet, ketosis or acidosis
74
when might you see basic urine?
vegetarian, postprandial, stale unfrigereated urine, UTI
75
what is a true kidney test
standardized via H2O deprivation for 16 hrs and easily altered via fluid consumption
76
what specific protein in urine is bad?
albumin because, kidney pathology esp gromerullar damage
77
what causes minimal proteinuria?
vig exercise, stress, orthostatic proteinuria, pregnancy, UTI
78
cause of moderate proteinuria?
chronic glomerularitis, pyelonepheritis, multiple myeloma, pre-eclampsia
79
cause of marked proteinuria?
acute and chonic glomerularitis, diabetic neuropathy, lupus nephritis
80
renal threshold of glucose?
when blood glucose exceeds a certain level, the kidney starts to push it into the urine
81
what causes ketonuria?
not enough carbs-> no insulin -> fatty acids -> liver -> ketones
82
under what circumstances will you see bilirubin in the urine?
conjugated bilirubin seen with hepatobiliary pathologies
83
Causes of pyuria?
UTI, UT inflam
84
causes of sterile pyuria?
systemic inflam, stones, polycysic kidney dz, drugs, antibiotics
85
where does the blood come from when you see hemoglobinuria?
intravascular heme
86
where does the blood come from when you see hematuria?
from kidney- urethra
87
common causes of hematuria w/o casts and protein present?
menstration, vigorous execise, trauma to UT, and lower UTI
88
common causes of hematuria w/ casts and protein present?
acute and chonic glomerularitis and RA
89
how does incr ascorbic acid influence urinalysis
may affect the biochemistry of the strips and you get false positive
90
what would you see in LPF screen>
amorphous sediment, epithelial cells, cast, crystals
91
what would you see in HPF screen?
bacteria and cells
92
3 types of epithelial cells found in urine sediment?
squamous, transitional, renal tubule
93
where does the squamous cells come from?
distal urethra and female vulva
94
where does the transitional epithelial come from?
renal pelvis and prox urethra
95
where does renal tubule cell come from?
nephron to collecting tubules

Clin lab 1 test 1 (1 decks)

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