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DWT exam 2 > clin path > Flashcards

clin path Flashcards

1
Q

myeloid stem cells

A

give rise to RBCs, platelets, leukocytes

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2
Q

lymphoid stem cell

A

gives rise to lymphocytes

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3
Q

basophil morphology

A

segemented nucleus
granular
basophilic (blue/purple)
rare

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4
Q

relative differential count

A

do not make interpretations from relative percentages

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5
Q

absolute differential count

A

/ul
use this for making interpretations

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6
Q

corrected WBC (cWBC)

A

know this formula
use when nRBC is above reference interval (1-5)

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7
Q

impedence WBC count

A

WBC impedence count (WIC) must be corrected for nRBCs
use when nRBC is above reference interval (1-5)

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8
Q

optical WBC count

A

WBC optical count (WOC)
does NOT need to be corrected for nRBC

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9
Q

covert relative WBC to absolute

A

(WBC relative %) x (total WBC count) = absolute WBC count

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10
Q

how long does proliferation/maturation take in the bone marrow?

A

5 days

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11
Q

how long are neutrophils in the blood?

A

10-12hrs

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12
Q

how long are neutrophils in the tissues?

A

< 2 days

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13
Q

marginal vs circulating WBCs

A

WBCs that stick to/roll over the walls of vessels
not measured in blood draws

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14
Q

dogs and cats vs cattle and horses neutrophil storage

A

dogs and cats have more neut storage in marrow

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15
Q

neutrophil regenerative left shift

A

neutrophilia
increased bands (more immature)
overall more segmented neuts than bands

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16
Q

degenerative neutrophil left shift

A

more bands than segmented neutrophils
neutropenia
segmented neutrophils are being used up somewhere
overwhelming inflammation

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17
Q

neutrophil deep left shift

A

can see metamyelocytes or myelocytes (band neutrophil precursors)

18
Q

toxic neutrophils

A

early release of neutrophils before maturation is finished

19
Q

order of toxicity of WBC

A
  1. diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia (due to greater amt of RNA)
  2. Dhole bodies: blue/grey amorphous cytoplasmic inclusions
  3. toxic vacuolization
  4. toxic granulation (dust like purple to dark pink)
  5. donut shaped nucleus
  6. giant neutrophil (rare)
20
Q

3 main causes of neutrophilia

A
  1. stress (cortisol mediated)
  2. excitment/physiologic (epinephrine mediated)
  3. inflammation
21
Q

stress neutrophilia

A

MILD neutrophilia
increased cortisol levels (stress, exogenous glucocorticoids, neoplasia)
* storage pool of neutrophils released
* downregulate adhesion molecules and marginal neuts become circulating

no bands, no left shift, no toxicity
also decreased lymphocytes, increased glucose
increased ALP (only in dogs)

22
Q

excitement/physiologic neutrophilia

A

mild neutrophilia
* neuts moved from marginal to circulating
* splenic contraction

no left shift
increased lymphs, RBCs, platelets, glucose
fairly transitory, fight/flight response

23
Q

inflammatory neutrophilia

A

maturation and storage stores released from bone marrow
recruit marginal pool into area of inflammation
myeloid hyperplasia

left shift, toxic neutrophils
lymphocytosis (if chronic), hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia

24
Q

leukemoid response

A

neutrophil numbers > 50,000/ul (highly increased)
subtype of chronic inflammation
causes:
* IMHA: tissue hypoxia, necrosis
* 5 P’s: Pus, peritonitis, pyothorax, pyelonephritis, pneumonia, paraneoplastic
* hepatozoonosis infection

leukemia-like

25
paraneoplastic
inflammation from cancer producing inflammatory cytokines rare
26
inflammation without neutrophilia
normal neut numbers with left shift, toxicity
27
inflammatory neutropenia
more neuts are used than can be produced caused by: * **severe infection/sepsis** * **overwhelming acute inflammation** (ruminants, horses not as serious) **Left shift, toxic neuts** **bands > neuts**
28
decreased production neutropenia
**myelosuppressive agents ** * Viruses: FeLV, parvovirus * Bacteria: Ehrlichia * Drugs: Chemotherapy * Toxins: Plants * Idiopathic: Autoantibodies myelophthisis (Myelitis, Leukemia, Myelofibrosis) **no left shift, no toxicity** decreased production of marrow cells
29
sequestration neutropenia
seen with endotoxemia from gr - bacteria endotoxin causes acute inflammatory response | he mostly skipped this
30
primary lymphoid tissue
bone marrow (B cells), thymus (T cells)
31
Lymphocyte kinetics/migration
1. leave capillary and move into tissue 1. move into lymphatic vessel 1. move into lymph node 1. returned to blood via lymphatic duct
32
size of lymphocytes
same size or smaller than neutrophils
33
5 main causes of lymphocytosis
1. physiologic (excitment, epinephrine) 2. chronic inflammation (antigenic stim) 3. young animals 4. hypoadrenocorticism (Addisons) 5. Lymphoid neoplasia
34
physiologic/excitment lymphocytosis
neutrophilia (no left shift, marginal neuts moved into circ) erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis (splenic contraction) hyperglycemia transitory
35
chronic inflammitory lymphocytosis
lymphoid hyperplasia neutrophilia (left shift w/toxic changes) +/- monocytosis (inflammation) anemia of chronic dz hypoglobulinemia
36
lymphocytosis due to young age
pseudolymphocytosis young animals have more lymphocytes maybe decreased MCV, PCV (young animal) maybe increased phosphorus, calcium, ALP, GGT (young animal)
37
hypoadrenocorticism
Addison's dz **persistant lymphocytosis: opposite of stress** normal neutrophil count +/- eosinophilia +/- mild non regen anemia +/- hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia
38
lymphoma
neoplastic lymphocytosis Originates from lymph node **Lymphadenopathy** (enlarged lymph nodes) +/-Lymphopenia: presense of atypical lymphocytes +/- Blasts in circulation Numerous types (Sm, Lg, B, T) neoplastic proliferation of a clone of lymphocytes (intermediate to larger) arising outside bone marrow (lymph node, spleen, thymus, intestine)
39
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
**originates in Bone marrow** **Blasts >20%** +/- Pan-bicytopenia +/- Myelopathies **Spleen-hepatomegaly** Poor prognosis neoplastic proliferation of immature large lymphoid cells arising within bone marrow
40
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
originiates in bone marrow **Small lymphocytes** **lymphocytosis >12K dogs, >20K cats** Tend to liver longer neoplastic proliferation of a clone of small lymphocytes arising within bone marrow
41
reactive vs neoplastic lymphocytosis rule of thumb
neoplastic > 20,000/ul, clonal on PARR, much more severe reactive: dogs and cats <20,000 /ul not clonal on PARR
42
lymphopenia
**stress** **acute inflammatio**n **depletion** * lymphoid effusion, lymphangiectasia (loss of lymph) lymphoid hypoplasia (immunosuppression, radiation, virus, congenital) NOT from bone marrow injury (lymphocytes already in seconday lymphoid tissue) combined B and T cell deficiency

DWT exam 2 (22 decks)

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