Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fundamentals of Diagnostics Exam 2 > Clin Path > Flashcards

Clin Path Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal relationship between hemoglobin and HCT? what is going on if the ratio is off?

A

Hgbx3 = HCT ± 1-3
if not, there is hemolysis
in vivo = increased Hgb
otherwise, in vitro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the calculation to compare plasma protein with fibrinogen? what do the results mean?

A

(PP-fibrinogen)/fibrinogen
horse: <15 = inflammation. >20 = dehydration
cattle: <10 = inflammation. >15 = dehydration
in between = likely both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what should you look at with changes in Ca

A

albumin
if both are increased or decreased in the same proportions, the change can be blamed on albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do you calculate a corrected Cl

A

(avg Na reference interval)/(measured Na)x(measured Cl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does an increase or decrease in Cl mean

A

increase - metabolic acidosis
decrease - metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

increase in what values indicates liver injury

A

ALT, AST, SDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

increase in what values indicates cholestasis

A

ALP, GGT, bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the differentials with increased lipase, amylase, TLI, PLI

A

acinar (exocrine) pancreas damage or decreased GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the differentials with decreased TLI and PLI

A

chronic pancreatitis and acinar atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what levels will be changed with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

A

decreased cobalamin and increased folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list examples of pre-analytical error

A

inappropriate test request, order entry error, misidentification, label error, inappropriate container or sample, insufficient volume, inadequate transport or storage, sample processing before analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

list examples of analytical error

A

instrument malfunction, reagents, methodology, operator error
lowest proportion of errors occurs here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

list examples of post-analytical error

A

failure in reporting, improper data entry, inappropriate reference interval, incorrect interpretation of results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what values will be affected if your sample is submitted in K3EDTA

A

decreased Ca (chelated), increased K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what will happen if plasma is not harvested from cells

A

glucose consumed by cells, so decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what will happen if blood is exposed to air for too long

A

CO2 loss, so decreased bicarb and increased anion gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a red top tube used for? what is in it?

A

serum for chemistry
clot activator or no additive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a purple top tube used for? what is in it?

A

plasma for hematology
EDTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how much blood is in your patient? how much can you steal?

A

have 6-8% of body weight in blood
can safely take 5% of that

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what effect with heinz bodies have on your values

A

increased MCH, MCHC, reticulocytes, platelets

21
Q

what effect with EDTA have on your CBC values

A

decreased MCV, HCT

22
Q

what effect will an old blood sample have on your values

A

dohle bodies, decreased WBC, neutrophils, increased bands, increased or decreased lymphocytes

23
Q

what effect will platelet clumping have on your count

24
Q

what effect will organisms have on your platelet count

25
what effect will ghost cells have on your platelet count
increased
26
what effect will hemolysis have on your values
increased MCH, MCHC, platelets, CK, AST, LDH, Mg decreased PCV, HCT, RBC increased P in horses, camelids, and asian dog breeds
27
what effect will icterus have on your values
decreased creatinine, decreased TP
28
what effect will lipemia have on your values
increased platelets, HGB decreased electrolytes
29
what effect will delayed urinalysis have on your values
increased pH, proliferation of microbes, degradation of formed elements (cells and casts), degradation of chemical analytes (bilirubin, ketones), calcium oxide and magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals may develop
30
why do you have to be skeptical of procyte values
can misclassify cells in 15% of cases, so must evaluate WBC plat of correctness straight lines between clouds is a red flag that the machine had trouble differentiating
31
what are the differentials for a moderate normocytic non-regenerative anemia
- anemia of chronic dz (#1 with increased WBCs) - pre-regeneration <3-4 days - decreased erythropoiesis due to decreased EPO from kidneys or bone marrow damage/myelophthisis (platelets and WBCs will also be reduced if bone marrow cause) - inefficient erythropoiesis due to PIMA or neoplasia
32
what does basophilic stippling indicate
remnants of RNA or pappenheimer bodies (iron in RBCs)
33
how do you diagnose siderocytosis
prussian blue stain binds iron in the cells
34
what are your differentials with siderocytosis
-lead tox -increased iron turnover -dyserythropoiesis due to myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia
35
what species can normally have dohle bodies without toxic changes
cats
36
what are your differentials for thrombocytosis
-reactive/inflammation (most common) -splenic contraction -rebound after thrombocytopenia
37
what are your differentials for azotemia
- dehydration thus decreased GFR (pre-renal) - renal dz - post-renal
38
what are your differentials for urea increased more than creatinine
- GI bleeding - muscle wasting
39
if your patient is azotemic and has a low USG, what can you diagnose
renal azotemia
40
what are your differentials for hyperphosphatemia
- decreased GFR (most common) from hypovolemia or glomerular damage - tubular dz (decreased vit D synthesis -> decreased iCa -> increased PTH -> renal secondary hyperparathyroidism)
41
what will your calcium level be with renal dz
increased, decreased, or normal
42
what are your differentials for a true hypocalcemia
- low vit D/decreased intestinal absorption - less likely primary low PTH
43
what relationship of Ca to P indicates what risk?
Ca x P > 80-90 = risk of tissue mineralization
44
how can you tell if a bilirubinemia is conjugated or unconjugated
conjugated bilirubin is passed in urine and more sensitive in urine than blood test so, bilirubin in blood and not urine = unconjugated
45
what are your differentials for increased unconjugated bilirubin
- cholestasis - decreased Bu uptake by hepatocytes with fasting/anorexia
46
what are your differentials for hyperkalemia
- decreased GFR - acidosis (decreased excretion) - transcellular shift (necrosis)
47
what is indicated by a decreased bicarb
titrational metabolic acidosis
48
what is indicated by an increased anion gap? differentials?
titrational metabolic acidosis ketones, lactate, uremic acids, ethylene glycol (KLUE)
49
what is the most common cause of hypochloremia
vomiting

Fundamentals of Diagnostics Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions