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ENT > Clinical > Flashcards

Clinical Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

mild hearing loss audiogram score

A

20-40

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2
Q

moderate hearing loss audiogram score

A

40-60

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3
Q

severe hearing loss audiogram score

A

60-90

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4
Q

profound hearing loss audiogram score

A

> 90

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5
Q

transduction

A

conversion of mechanical stimuli into neural stimuli by the middle ear

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6
Q

outer hair cells

A

receive sound

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7
Q

inner hair cells

A

convert sound into mechanical energy

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8
Q

base of cochlea

A

high frequency sound

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9
Q

apex of cochlea

A

low frequency sound

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10
Q

primary auditory cortex of brain

A

superior temporal gyrus

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11
Q

OAE

A

otoacoustic emissions - produced by normal hair cells and absent in deafness

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12
Q

ABR

A

auditory brainstem response

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13
Q

superior vestibular nerve supplies

A

lateral semicircular canal, anterior semicircular canal and utricle

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14
Q

inferior vestibular nerve supplies

A

posterior semicircular canal and saccule

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15
Q

vestibulo-occular reflex

A

eyes stay fixed on a certain point when the head moves

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16
Q

motor output to the head, neck and back for posture

A

vestibulospinal tract

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17
Q

motor output to eyes for gaze stabilisation

A

medial longitudinal fascicles and ocular muscles

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18
Q

output to cerebrum for awareness

A

medial lemniscus and thalamus

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19
Q

components of taste buds

A

sensory cells and support cells (arranged like orange slices)

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20
Q

lifespan of taste receptor cells

A

10 days

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21
Q

taste receptor cells replaced from

A

basal cells within taste bud

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22
Q

where are taste buds found?

A

tongue, epiglottis, pharynx, palate

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23
Q

afferent taste fibres on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue reach the brainstem via…

24
Q

afferent taste fibres on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue reach the brainstem via…

25
afferent taste fibres on areas other than the tongue reach the brainstem via...
CN X
26
bitter stimulants
diverse group of tastants e.g. alkaloids, poisonous substances, toxic plant derivatives
27
salty stimulants
Cl-
28
sweet stimulants
configuration of glucose
29
umami stimulants
amino acids (especially glutamate)
30
sour stimulants
H+
31
two main neural nasal systems
olfactory system (CNI) - mediates common odours trigeminal somatosensory system (CNV) - mediates chemical and non-chemical stimuli e.g. irritation, burning, and can also play a role in coughing, spluttering and sneezing
32
what cells secrete mucous in the olfactory epithelium?
duct cells of bowman's glands
33
lifespan of olfactory receptors
2 months
34
bacteria associated with acute otitis media
strep pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moxarella catarrhalis
35
bacteria associated with chronic otitis media
staph aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungal
36
4 cranial nerves associated with oral phase of swallowing
CNV3, CNVII, CNX, CNXII
37
palatal rugae cells...
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
38
two nerves that supply the hard palate
incisive branch of nasopalatine nerve, greater palatine nerve
39
nerve that supplies the soft palate
lesser palatine nerve
40
duration of pharyngeal phase of normal swallowing
<1 second
41
hyoid bone is dragged anterosuperiorly
hyolaryngeal elevation
42
muscles associated with hyolaryngeal elevation
suprahyoid, longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
43
upper oesophageal sphincter
cricopharyngeus
44
duration of oesophageal phase of normal swallowing
8-20 seconds
45
where does the retropharyngeal space connect with?
mediastinum
46
which two cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus?
CNIX and CNX
47
when does pharyngeal arch 1 develop?
day 22
48
when do pharyngeal arches 2 and 3 develop?
day 24
49
when do pharyngeal arches 4 and 6 develop?
day 29
50
component of pharyngeal apparatus made from mesenchymal tissue
core pharyngeal arch
51
component of pharyngeal apparatus made from ectoderm
external pharyngeal cleft
52
53
component of pharyngeal apparatus made from endoderm
internal pharyngeal pouch
54
cells that make up the tonsils...
specialised squamous epithelium
55
cells that make up the adenoids...
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

ENT (3 decks)

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