Clinical

Question 1

what are the 4 D’s of diagnosis?

Answer 1

• deviance
• danger
• distress
• dysfunction

Question 2

explain what is meant by deviance

Answer 2

• departure from how society expects us to behave
• not statistically or socially normal
• not within 2 s.d

Question 3

explain what is meant by danger

Answer 3

• when an individual exhibits behaviours and feelings that pose a threat to themselves or others
• often marked by carelessness, poor judgement, hostility, or misinterpretation

Question 4

explain what is meant by distress

Answer 4

• the extent to which the individual perceives their own behaviour or emotions as upsetting
• someone may feel extreme distress over something that looks trivial to others

Question 5

explain what is meant by dysfunction

Answer 5

• the point at which our psychological state prevents us from effectively satisfying our social or occupational roles

Question 6

what improvement has been made to the 4 D’s?

Answer 6

• the addition of duration

Question 7

what is deviance from statistical norms used to determine?

Answer 7

• intellectual disability

Question 8

what is deviance from social norms, dysfunction and danger used to determine?

Answer 8

• anti-social personality disorder

Question 9

what are the 2 classification systems?

Answer 9

• DSM-5
• ICD-11

Question 10

what are 4 facts about the development of the DSM-5?

Answer 10

• published by the American Psychiatric Association
• first published in 1952
• contains over 300 disorders that are divided into over 20 categories
• the multi-axial system was removed

Question 11

what does section 1 of the DSM-5 include?

Answer 11

• guidance in using the system for diagnosis

Question 12

what does section 2 of the DSM-5 include?

Answer 12

• disorders are categorised into their underlying causes
• categories include depressive, substance-abuse, and eating disorders
• severity ratings (mild, moderate, severe)

Question 13

what does section 3 of the DSM-5 include?

Answer 13

• suggestions for disorders to be considered in future revisions
• discussion of how culture affects symptom presentation, communication and diagnosis to reduce cultural bias

Question 14

what are 3 facts about the development of the ICD-11?

Answer 14

• includes mental and physical disorders
• freely available resource used by clinicians, researchers, policy makers and patient organisations
• provides a common language so that data collected in different countries cam be usefully compared

Question 15

whats chapter 5 of the ICD-11?

Answer 15

• mental and behavioural disorders
• each disorder has a code beginning with F
• the system attempts to be comprehensive enough to include all known conditions but also to avoid repetition or overlap

Question 16

explain an issue with the reliability of the DSM-5

Answer 16

• low level of agreement between practitioners
• Darrel Regier et al found that the reliability of diagnosis of several disorder was low
• diagnosing depression had the lowest reliability levels of all