CLINICAL!!! Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

Sternal Foramen (Cleft Sternum)

A

i.e.; perforated sternum

Caused by…
- incomplete fusion of sternal ossification centers

Mistaken for a bullet hole or sternal disease/fracture

Common acupuncture point (directly above heart)

4-10% population

Found in inferior of sternal body

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2
Q

Pectus Carinatum

A

Caused by…
- overgrowth of cartilage (connective tissue holds ribs to breastbone)

Sternum protrudes

Evident at birth; adolescent males

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3
Q

Pectus Exacavatum

A

i.e.; funner chest

Sternum inward

Caused by…
- overgrowth of costal cartilage

Restricts expansion

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4
Q

Talipes Equinovarus (Clubfoot)

A

1/1000 births (2x more frequent in males)

Sole of foot is turned medially (inverted foot)

Types:

  • Flexible
  • Rigid
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5
Q

Amelia

A

Full absence of limb

Caused by…
- early loss of Fgf signaling

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6
Q

Meromelia

A

Partial absence of limb

Caused by…
- later/partial loss of Fgf signaling

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7
Q

Mesomelia

A

Shortened forearm/leg

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8
Q

Phocomelia (Thalidomide Phocomelia)

A

Hands/feet attached to trunk

Caused by…
- partial loss of Fgf OR Hox gene disruption

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9
Q

Adactyly

A

Absence of digits

Caused by…
- even later loss of Fgf signaling

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10
Q

Ectrodactyly (Lobster Claw or Cleft Hand)

A

Absence of 1 or more central digits (divided into 2 parts opposing each other)

Remaining digits are partly or completely fused

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11
Q

Polydactyly

A

Extra digits (medial or lateral rather than central)

Caused by…
- upregulation of Shh pathway

Genetics: Dominant Trait

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12
Q

Syndactyly

A

Fusion of digits

Caused by…

  • bmp or Shh disruption
  • failure of apoptosis in digital ray

More frequent between 3rd and 4th fingers; 2nd and 3rd toes

Genetics: Simple Dominant or Simply Recessive

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13
Q

Brachydactyly

A

Short digits/stature

Reduction in length of phalanges

Genetics: Dominant Trait

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14
Q

Radial Dysplasia (Radial Club Hand)

A

Hypoplastic or absent muscular structures and radial nerve

Tx: early passive stretching exercises and corrective casting

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15
Q

Sirenomelia (Mermaid Syndrome)

A

Characterics:

  • 1 umbilical artery
  • single or fused lower limb
  • renal agenesis/severe dysgenesis
  • absent anus
  • oligohydraminios amniotic fluid level

Tx… surgery:

1) fused legs are splayed in a v-type
2) saline sack insertion (stretching skin)
3) 2 operations; 3 months apart
4) last operation to rotate feet forward

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16
Q

Achondroplasia (Dwarfism)

A

Defect in endochondral bone formation (impairs longitudinal growth at tubular bones)

Caused by…

  • mutation on Fgf-R3
  • pathologic changes at epiphyseal plate (zones of proliferation and hypertrophy are narrow/disorganized)

Genetics: Autosomal Dominant

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17
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Brittle Bone Disease)

A

Easy predisposition to fractures and deformities (related to connective tissue abnormalities)

Caused by…
- defective genes (affecting collagen production)

18
Q

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A

Caused by…
- impingement of blood vessels and nerves (brachial plexus) in space between collarbone and 1st rib (thoracic outlet)

Slide note:
- extra ribs arise from C7

19
Q

Herniated Disc

A

i.e.; slipped disc/ruptured disc

Caused by…

  • disc degeneration (aging-related)
  • spinal cord loses water content (making them less flexible)
20
Q

Kyphosis

A

i.e.; Sheuermann kyphosis

Forward abnormal/exaggerated THORACIC curvature

Caused by…

  • developmental abnormalities
  • osteoporosis (bone-thinning disorder)
  • compression fractures
  • degenerative disease (age-related)

Common in older women

21
Q

Lordosis

A

Forward abnormal/exaggerated LUMBAR curvature

Caused by…

  • congenital abnormalities
  • musculoskeletal problems
  • degenerative disease
22
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral abnormal/exaggerated curvature of spine

Caused by…

  • congenital
  • neuromuscular (cerebral palsy; muscular dystrophy)
  • idiopathic
23
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Broken/loose vertebra

Common cause of “spondylolisthesis”

Caused by…

  • Pars Interarticularis weakness
  • trauma
  • degenerative disease
24
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Anterior/ventral displacement (slips-out) of vertebra

Common progression from “spondylolysis”

Congenital origin

25
Compression Fracture
Collapse of vertebra Caused by... - trauma - degenerative disease - weakening of vertebra "Osteoporosis" is most common type
26
Sacralization
Fusion or partial fusion of L5 to sacrum Congenital origin
27
Osteopenia
Thinning/reduction of bone mass Caused by... - degenerative origin - hormonal (decreased estrogen/testosterone) - smoking - excess acohol
28
Osteoporosis
Diminishing bone density (bones prone to fracture) Caused by... - degenerative disease Most common on hips, wrist or spine
29
Cervical Trauma
Articulated cervical vertebrae are less tightly interlocked (prone to dislocation) Cause trauma to spinal cord
30
Burst Fractures (Jefferson Fracture)
Lateral masses of C1 are composed bewteen occipital condyles and axis (C2) (fracturing anterior a/o posterior of C1) May involve rupture of transverse ligament (resulting in dislocation) Caused by... - sudden/forceful compression of C1 (ex. diving accidents, roll-over car)
31
Fracture of Vertebral Arch (Hangman's Fracture)
Fracture of pars interarticularis (traumatic spondylolysis of C2) Caused by... - hyperextension of neck (whiplash) - severe causes of acceleration/deceleration syndrome
32
Dens Fracture
Fracture at base of dens or along body axis Caused by... - horizontal blow to head
33
Varicose Veins
i.e.; dilated/tortuous/enlarged/gnarled veins Damaged/nonfunctional valves allow blood back-flow Common in lower limbs Caused by... - age - pregnancy - obesity Tx: - sclerotherapy (irritant injected into smaller veins to cause scarring and closure)
34
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot (thrombus) forms in deep veins Common in sural (calf) or femoral (thigh) region Caused by... - pregnancy - "economy class syndrome" (i.e.; airplane) Risk factors: - venous injury (from surgery or trauma) - poor blood circulation - heart failure - increased blood thickness - small blood clots - prolonged immobilization - increased blood clotting - anticlotting factor deficiencies - autoimmune disorders - cancers - platlet disorders Tx: - anticoagulant
35
Hypertension (High BP)
Chronically elevated BP (force of blood against artery walls is too high) Damage to vessel wall => thickening of wall => decrease lumen Types: - primary (essential) - secondary Caused by... - obstructive sleep apnea - kidney problems - adrenal gland tumors - thyroid problems - congenital - alcohol/medication abuse
36
Sternal Cleft
Sternum sunken posteriorly Caused by... - defective sternal fusion (of paired mesodermal bands in ventral midline)
37
Cogenital Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature of spine Results from... - disruption of normal vertebral development - abnormal formation/segmentation of vertebral precursors (i.e.; somites) Types of failures: - formation (semi-segmented; fully segmented; wedged) - segmentation (block vertebrae; unsegmented bar) - mixed (unsegmented w/ Hemivertebrae)
38
Upregulation of ZPA
Addition of posterior elements
39
Loss of ZPA
Loss of posterior elements
40
Duplication of ZPA
Duplication of elements (smaller digits)
41
General Disruption of ZPA
Causes dysregulation of growth - upregulation => too long - lost => too short
42
Mirror Image Duplication
Caused by... - misexpression of RA or Shh, or... - duplication of AER