clinical

Question 1

bristol stool chart?

Answer 1

used to diagnose different types of stool

from lumps to liquid and mushy pieces

Question 2

gastro enteritis?

Answer 2

symptoms associated with stomach flu - diarrhoea and vomiting

Question 3

dysentry?

Answer 3

intestinal inflammation - of colon

and bloody stools

Question 4

cholera?

Answer 4

bacterial disease causing severe diarrhoea and dehydration

Question 5

signs of dehydration?

Answer 5

irritability, fatigue, dry mouth, extreme thirst, shrivelled skin, low BP, no urine, irregular heart beat

Question 6

what can dehydration lead to?

Answer 6

electrolyte imbalance -loss of minerals

Question 7

signs of electrolyte imbalance?

Answer 7

muscle cramps -

shock - hypovolaemic shock

Question 8

causes of bacterial gastroenteritis? 3

Answer 8

e coli
salmonella
campylobacter

Question 9

explain of e coli o157?

Answer 9

stays in gut but toxin goes in blood

Question 10

HUS?

Answer 10

small bv in kidney inflamed and damaged - clots form and lead to kidney failure

Question 11

E coli O157? lead to?

Answer 11

release Shiga toxin enter blood AND cause platelets to clump and damage blood vessels
lead to HUS

Question 12

common reasons for food poisoning? 2

Answer 12

re fried foods

undercooked meatfood left out

Question 13

where c difficile bacteria found? examples and spread how?

Answer 13

in processed meat - soil, animal products, water

spread by faeces

Question 14

what happens in c diff infection?

Answer 14

inflamed colon lining - due to c diff bacteria

Question 15

giardia and cryptosporidium gastroenteritis? their forms

Answer 15

G - food, water contaminated with faeces - cysts/trophozoites

c - water is the transmission - waterborne disease - oocysts/trophozoites

Question 16

sign of liver abscess?

Answer 16

brown liquid - aspirate fluid to produce brown liquid

Question 17

WHAT are pyrogens ?

Answer 17

substances which cause fever

Question 18

fever DEFINITION ?

Answer 18

elevation body temperature - above 37
more than 38.3
PERSISTENT FOR more than 3 weeks

Question 19

rotavirus?

norovirus?

Answer 19

r - affects infants - oral spread -

n - spreads by contamination - highly contagious

Question 20

SIRS?

Answer 20

inflame state - affecting whole body -

same as sepsis

Question 21

if fever last more than 6 months means?

Answer 21

means more likely infection or cancer

Question 22

fabricated fever?

Answer 22

fever but self-induced - self injection common

Question 23

neutropenic PUO?

Answer 23

UNDIAGNOSED FEVER IN PATIENT WITH NEUTROPHILS less than 500/mm3

Question 24

rate of colonisation dependant on?

Answer 24

higher in among patients - with insulin dependant diabetes - skin damage and hiv infection

Question 25

hiv vs aids?

Answer 25

hiv - virus that attacks immune system aids - term that applies when hiv has caused sever damage to immune system

Question 26

hiv is what type of infection?

Answer 26

std

Question 27

relationship between hiv and cd4 T cells?

Answer 27

hiv destroys cd4 T cells - they are wbc that help the body fight disease lower cd4 weaker the immune system

Question 28

cd4 level in aids diagnosis? normal level of cd4?

Answer 28

less Than 200 normal = more than 500

Question 29

PCP IN aids?

Answer 29

most common late stage aids infection | fungal infection leads to pneumonia

Question 30

classes of anti-hiV drugs?

Answer 30

reverse transcriptase - nucleotide = faulty versions of building blocks hiv needs non-nucleotide = turn off protein hiv needs protease inhibitors = disables hiv protease integrase inhibitors = disables protein

Question 31

common side effect of anti hiv drugs?

Answer 31

lipodystrophy

Question 32

why hiv treatment might fail?

Answer 32

resistance and mutations

Question 33

sepsis definition?

Answer 33

illness caused by microbial invasion of normally sterile parts of body lead to organ dysfunction -

Question 34

model of sepsis - explain each stage? 4

Answer 34

SIRS - high temp, wbc up, HR up, RR up sepsis - SIRS + INFECTION SEVERE sepsis - sepsis + end organ damage septic shock - severe sepsis + hypotension

Question 35

septic shock definiton?

Answer 35

sepsis with persistent hypotension

Question 36

what is SOFA? what is qSOFA?

Answer 36

help to assess organ failure score in sepsis related failure - with a scoring system out of 4 qSOFA - help to assess outcome and mortality - not diagnose infection

Question 37

two types of mediators in sepsis?

Answer 37

TH1 - pro-inflam | TH2 - anti-inflam

Question 38

BALANCE BETWEEN TH1 and TH2?

Answer 38

pro inflam more - septic shock and mutliorgan failure and death anti inflam more - immunoparalysis with uncontrolled infection and multi organ failure

Question 39

what factors about an organism will affect symptoms of sepsis?

Answer 39

virulence bioburden gram +/-ve

Question 40

CURB65 USED FOR?

Answer 40

FOR mortality risk assessment in hospital

Question 41

prophylaxis is?

Answer 41

use of antibiotics -

Question 42

2 type of immunity?

Answer 42

adaptive and innate

Question 43

types of vaccines? what about them?

Answer 43

living - one dose dead/inactivated - need 3 doses detoxified exotoxin subunit of microbe

Question 44

BCG VACCINE FOR?

Answer 44

for Tb

Question 45

influenza vaccine for?

Answer 45

for flu older healthcare workers immunocompresssed

Question 46

common immunisations for travellers? 3

Answer 46

tetanus, polio, cholera,

Question 47

what ways can infections be controlled by public health measures?

Answer 47

sanitations immunisation education

Question 48

cycle of malaria?

Answer 48

uninfected mosquito bites malaria person and becomes infected transmits to next person into liver in blood bitten by mosquito and transmit to next person

Question 49

cerebral malaria ?

Answer 49

complication of malaria where bv to Brain get blocked and cause swelling of brain

Question 50

typhoid fever caused by? and transmitted by?

Answer 50

salmonella typhi by faecal-oral route

Question 51

treatment for typhoid fever?

Answer 51

antibiotics ciprofloxacin - can get resistance azithromycin - oral ceftriaxone - iv

Question 52

schistosomiasis caused by?

Answer 52

freshwater snails/worms carrying parasite

Question 53

spread of Zika virus?

Answer 53

mosquito bites , sexual contact and blood transfusions

Question 54

rickettsiosis?

Answer 54

infection by tick bites - gulf coast tick

Question 55

what complication can Zika virus lead to?

Answer 55

neuro complications - guillian barre syndrome eye damage joint problems

Question 56

most common cause of fever of traveller?

Answer 56

malaria or undiagnosed

Question 57

impetigo?

Answer 57

superficial skin infection | staph aureus

Question 58

erysipelas?

Answer 58

upper dermis infection - red area lower limbs strep pyogenes

Question 59

cellulitis?

Answer 59

infection of deep dermis and fat infection | strept pyogenes and staph aureus

Question 60

Lyme disease?

Answer 60

tick borne disease