Clinical Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(27 cards)
Clinical signs are a function of impaired ….
structure and function
What are the different uses of the following feather types:
contour
down/plumule
filoplume
contour – streamlining and flight (these are primary and secondary feathers)
down/plumule – for insulation
filoplume – for sensory structures
Contour feathers occur in tracts called ______.
pterylae
the arrangmenet of feathers is called pterlosis.
non-feathered areas are called _____
apteria
T/F: the avian feather follicle is similar to mammalian hair follicle in the way that it responds to disease.
true
T/F: poultry skin is thinner and less vascular than mammalian skin
true
What is the uropygial gland?
a oil or preen gland found at the base of the tail that secretes oil used to maintain feathers shape, luster, and water repellency.
this structure is vestigial in some birds like psittacines.
Air passes through the birds nares over the nasal turbinates through the __________ (in the roof of the mouth) into the glottis.
choanal slit
T/F: poultry have small infraorbital sinuses and they do not communicate with the nasal passages
false – they are large and do communicate
T/F: poultry do not have a larynx
false – its present, but there are no “vocal cords”
T/F: poultry tracheal rings are calcified and complete and have ciliated epithelium.
true
_________ is a specialized structure similar to vocal chords located at the bifurcation of the trachea into primary bronchi; variation in the tension produces vocalizations which are modified by the tongue.
syrinx.
how many bronchi do poultry have?
4
primary
secondary
tertiary
parabronchi
Parabronchi further divide into interconnecting ______________ which represent the site of respiratory exchange.
air capillaries
What are the pros and cons of the uniqueness of respiration in birds?
pro – no dead-end alveoi means efficient, recurrent “flow through” system; lungs are much smaller and less expansile
con – inhaled toxins will become concentrated quickly.
How many MAJOR pulmonary airsacs do birds have and what are their locations?
4 major (they are paired)
- cervical
- cranial thoracic
- caudal thoracic
- abdominal
there is also an unpaired clavicular/tracheal airsac.
What is meant by saying “the pulmonary airsacs function like bellows”?
when the sternum is raised and lowered, air is drawn in through the lung and forces back out through the lungs. gas exchange takes place during inspiration and expiration.
T/F: airsacs are relatively avascular, prone to infection, and are difficult to clear exudate from.
true
____________ are continuous with airsacs and make bones lighter for flight.
pneumatic bones
these include: vertebrae, ribs, ilium, ischium, pubis, sternum, and humerus.
what are clinical signs associated with UPPER respiratory disease in birds?
dyspnea
oculonasal discharge
swollen infraorbital sinuses
sneezing
what are clinical signs associated with LOWER respiratory tract disease in birds?
dyspnea
rales
crackles
cough
what are signs that disease is occuring with the beak/nails?
beak/nails are brittle/soft/scaly/porous
beak/nails are malformed
beak/nails are necrotic
what are signs that disease is occuring in the feather follicle?
feathers are flat against body
feathers are fluffed
feathers are broken/frayed
feathers are different color
feathers are abnormally shaped
feathers are lost without growing back
bird is picking at their feathers +/- self-mutilation
feathers have swollen follicles
there are retained feather sheaths
what could be clinical signs of skin disease in birds?
scaliness
erythema
swelling
ulceration
excoriations
unusual odor
necrosis
