Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Clinical signs are a function of impaired ….

Answer 1

structure and function

Question 1

What are the different uses of the following feather types:
contour
down/plumule
filoplume

Answer 1

contour – streamlining and flight (these are primary and secondary feathers)
down/plumule – for insulation
filoplume – for sensory structures

Question 2

Contour feathers occur in tracts called ______.

Answer 2

pterylae

the arrangmenet of feathers is called pterlosis.

Question 3

non-feathered areas are called _____

Answer 3

apteria

Question 4

T/F: the avian feather follicle is similar to mammalian hair follicle in the way that it responds to disease.

Answer 4

true

Question 5

T/F: poultry skin is thinner and less vascular than mammalian skin

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What is the uropygial gland?

Answer 6

a oil or preen gland found at the base of the tail that secretes oil used to maintain feathers shape, luster, and water repellency.

this structure is vestigial in some birds like psittacines.

Question 7

Air passes through the birds nares over the nasal turbinates through the __________ (in the roof of the mouth) into the glottis.

Answer 7

choanal slit

Question 8

T/F: poultry have small infraorbital sinuses and they do not communicate with the nasal passages

Answer 8

false – they are large and do communicate

Question 9

T/F: poultry do not have a larynx

Answer 9

false – its present, but there are no “vocal cords”

Question 10

T/F: poultry tracheal rings are calcified and complete and have ciliated epithelium.

Answer 10

true

Question 11

_________ is a specialized structure similar to vocal chords located at the bifurcation of the trachea into primary bronchi; variation in the tension produces vocalizations which are modified by the tongue.

Answer 11

syrinx.

Question 12

how many bronchi do poultry have?

Answer 12

4
primary
secondary
tertiary
parabronchi

Question 13

Parabronchi further divide into interconnecting ______________ which represent the site of respiratory exchange.

Answer 13

air capillaries

Question 14

What are the pros and cons of the uniqueness of respiration in birds?

Answer 14

pro – no dead-end alveoi means efficient, recurrent “flow through” system; lungs are much smaller and less expansile

con – inhaled toxins will become concentrated quickly.

Question 15

How many MAJOR pulmonary airsacs do birds have and what are their locations?

Answer 15

4 major (they are paired)

1. cervical
2. cranial thoracic
3. caudal thoracic
4. abdominal

there is also an unpaired clavicular/tracheal airsac.

Question 16

What is meant by saying “the pulmonary airsacs function like bellows”?

Answer 16

when the sternum is raised and lowered, air is drawn in through the lung and forces back out through the lungs. gas exchange takes place during inspiration and expiration.

Question 17

T/F: airsacs are relatively avascular, prone to infection, and are difficult to clear exudate from.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

____________ are continuous with airsacs and make bones lighter for flight.

Answer 18

pneumatic bones

these include: vertebrae, ribs, ilium, ischium, pubis, sternum, and humerus.

Question 19

what are clinical signs associated with UPPER respiratory disease in birds?

Answer 19

dyspnea
oculonasal discharge
swollen infraorbital sinuses
sneezing

Question 20

what are clinical signs associated with LOWER respiratory tract disease in birds?

Answer 20

dyspnea
rales
crackles
cough

Question 21

what are signs that disease is occuring with the beak/nails?

Answer 21

beak/nails are brittle/soft/scaly/porous

beak/nails are malformed

beak/nails are necrotic

Question 22

what are signs that disease is occuring in the feather follicle?

Answer 22

feathers are flat against body
feathers are fluffed
feathers are broken/frayed
feathers are different color
feathers are abnormally shaped
feathers are lost without growing back
bird is picking at their feathers +/- self-mutilation
feathers have swollen follicles
there are retained feather sheaths

Question 23

what could be clinical signs of skin disease in birds?

Answer 23

scaliness
erythema
swelling
ulceration
excoriations
unusual odor
necrosis

Question 24

what could be signs of uropygial gland disease in birds?

Answer 24

swelling
purulent discharge

Question 25

T/F: disease can cause collapse of the complete tracheal rings

Answer 25

true

Question 26

T/F: a normal airsac is thick to allow for more surface area for gas exchange

Answer 26

false – they are 7 cell layers thick which is super thin