Clinical and Blue Boxes Flashcards
(26 cards)
Acyanotic Cardiac Abnormalities
Cause
Either no shunting or a left to right shunt
Cyanotic Cardiac Abnormalities
Cause
Right to left shunt
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Acyanotic, no shunt
Aorta dumps into pulmonary artery
Causes continuous heart murmur and pulmonary damage
Atrial Septal Defects
Acyanotic, left to right shunt
High Defect: inadequate septum secundum or patent foramen ovale
Low Defect: incomplete septum primum endocardial cushion fusion
Ventricular Septal Defect
Acyanotic, left to right shunt
Caused by an incomplete membranous IV spetum fusion
Makes a systolic murmur
Atrioventricular Septal Defects
Acyanotic, left to right shunt
Complete: atrial and ventricular septal defects
Partial: atrial septal defect
Caused by fusion failure of endocardial cushions
Common with Down’s Syndrome
Corrected Transposition of Great Vessels
Acyanotic, no shunting
Caused by improper septation and reversed heart rotation
Transposition of Great Vessels
Cyanotic
Great vessels line up with wrong ventricles
Caused by incorrect spiraling of neural crest cells
Need a septal defect to stay alive
Double Right Ventricular Outlet
Cyanotic, Right to Left Shunt
Abnormal Septation causes RV to supply aorta and pulmonary circulation
Truncus Arteriosus
Cyanotic
Only one great vessel present
Caused by neural crest cell issue and absence of bulbar ridges
Tetralogy of Fallot
Cyanotic, very common
Caused by neural crest cell migration issue leading to abnormal outflow through narrow pulmonary valve and wide aorta
Leads to pulmonary stenosis, IVSD, an overriding aorta and RV hypertrophy
Critical Pulmonary Stenosis
Cyanotic
Caused by pulmonary valve defect
Critical Aortic Stenosis
Cyanotic
Causes poor perfusion, tachypnea and can lead to hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Cyanotic
Tiny left ventricle
Requires septal defect to live
Supernumerary Ribs
Extra ribs either in cervical or lumbar region
Often asymptomatic but can cause thoracic outlet syndrome
Rib Dislocation/Separation
Dislocation is at sternocostal joint
Separation is at costochondral joint
Thoracentisis
Taking a sample from pleural cavity
Insert needle directly between ribs to avoid neurovascular bundle
Chest Tube Insertion
Done between 5th and 6th ribs
Used to remove large amounts of fluid, air, blood, pus
Pneumo/Hydro/Hemo Thorax
Entry of air, fluid or blood into the pleural cavity that can collapse the lung
Myocardial Infarction
lack of blood flow to myocardium often from a coronary artery
Angina Pectoris: referred pain around chest and left arm from an MI
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium that can lead to pus (effusion) that can cause a cardiac tamponade
Effusion treated with pericardiocentesis
Asthma
Recurrent bronchospasm and bronchiole inflammation
Inflammation caused by infiltration by mast cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes
Leads to thickened muscle and bonchiolar epithelium
Emphysema
Permanent enlargement of airway distal to terminal bronchioles
Destroys alveolar wall and thickens bronchioles which occludes them
Pneumonia
Inflammation of lung tissue, capillaries full of inflammatory response and air spaces full of exudate
