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NUCLEAR MEDICINE FINALS > CLINICAL APPLICATION > Flashcards

CLINICAL APPLICATION Flashcards

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1
Q

– participate in body function.

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

The secretion into the bloodstream of substances is
known as

A

Hormones

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3
Q

_____ have profound effects on overall body
function and metabolism.

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Endocrine System consists of:

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
  2. Pancreas
  3. Adrenal Gland
  4. Gonads
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5
Q

____ is used in management of
patients with disorders of the thyroid gland,
hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma.

A

Radionuclide Therapy

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6
Q

____ is located in the neck.

A

Thyroid Gland

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7
Q

Thyroid Gland is sometimes ____-shaped in the
adult

A

butterfly

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8
Q

Lobe weighs approximately:

A

10 grams

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9
Q

The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones:

A

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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10
Q

These hormones regulate tissue metabolism and are
essential for normal body development and
maintenance of function.

A

T4 and T3

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11
Q

Iodine is reduced to ____ and is actively trapped by the thyroid gland.

A

neutral iodine or iodide

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12
Q

there are increase T4 and T3 syntheses and secretions as well as increase in TBG.

A

Hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

TBG -

A

Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

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14
Q

there is a decrease in thyroid hormone and in the absolute amount of TBG, and in the T4 or T3 levels are low.

A

Hypothyroidism

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15
Q

____ is the most widely used procedure for the measurement of circulating serum T4 and T3 and provides the most
direct estimate of thyroid function.

A

Radioimmunoassay

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16
Q

____ are also available to measure thyroglobulin,
the intrathyroidal binding protein.

A

Assays

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17
Q

____ are based on the unique avidity of the thyroid gland for iodine and the availability.

A

In Vivo Functions Tests and Imaging

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18
Q

In Vivo utilizes ____, an isotope that decays by beta decay and that is readily available as a product of nuclear fission and neutron bombardment in nuclear reactors.

A

Iodine-131

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19
Q

the most common in vivo
procedure.

A

Thyroid Uptake Test

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20
Q

____ is absorbed more rapidly than capsules

A

Liquid

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21
Q

The uptake is usually complete at ____ hrs.

A

18-20

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22
Q

____ is used to determine the size, location, and function of the thyroid gland and to evaluate palpable findings near or within the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid Gland Imaging

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23
Q

Choice of Radionuclides in Thyroid Imaging:

A
  1. I-131
  2. Tc 99m
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24
Q

Dosage for thyroid imaging:

A

5-15 mCi

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25
Introduction of medicine for thyroid imaging:
Intravenous
26
Waiting time or delay for thyroid imaging:
10-20 mins
27
Patient Positioning for thyroid imaging:
Supine, Hyperextended neck
28
Static Views of Chest for thyroid imaging:
ANT, RAO, and LAO
29
Isotope used for radionuclide therapy:
I-131
30
Preparation for radionuclide therapy:
low iodine diet 1 week before therapy
31
Dosages for radionuclide therapy:
5-30 mCi for hyperthyroidism 50-200 for thyroid carcinoma
32
Introduction of medicine for radionuclide therapy:
Oral
33
Patient admission for radionuclide therapy:
1-3 days
34
images are acquired for radionuclide therapy in ____ hrs
48-72
35
Static views of chest for radionuclide therapy:
ANT neck and chest
36
___________ reported their initial observations on the distribution of I-128 T1/2 of 28 min in rabbits, they noted: radioactive iodine may be of clinical or therapeutic significance.
Herts, Roberts, and Evans
37
At which year was the I-128 observed:
1938
38
I-131 was synthesized by _____ shortly thereafter.
Seaborg
39
reported the complete disappearance of multiple functioning metastasis in a patient with thyroid carcinoma.
1946
40
Treatment doses for thyroid carcinoma:
30-75 mCi to ablate remnants 75-150 to treat local (cervical) metastases 150-300 to treat distal metastases
41
Radionuclide imaging of the skeleton is being used with increasing frequency in the evaluation of abnormalities involving _____
bones and joints
42
introduced the development of Tc99m labeled phosphate complexes for bone imaging
Subramanian in 1971
43
Tc99m in the form of ____ does not localize to any useful extent in bone.
Pertechnetate
44
The ____ half-life of Tc99m allows several millicuries of activity to be injected.
shorter
45
____ are similar to pyrophosphonate and EHDP but have faster blood clearance.
MDP and HMDP
46
MDP -
Methylene Diphosphonate
47
HMDP -
Hydroxymethylene Diphosphonate
48
____ is believed to offer greater stability than pyrophosphate.
EDHP
49
EDHP -
Ethylenehydroxyphosphonate
50
Indications for Bone Scan:
1. Staging of malignant disease 2. Evaluation of primary bone neoplasms 3. Diagnosis of early skeletal inflammatory disease 4. Determine bone visibility 5. Evaluation of total joint prosthesis
51
The most frequent reason for ordering a bone scan is ____ by determining if spread to bone has occurred.
Staging of malignant disease
52
What are seen in the anterior images of bone scan?
anterior skull, ant iliac spine and pubic rami
53
What are seen in the posterior images of a bone scan?
posterior skull, spine, posterior ribs, scapulae, sacroiliac joints, and ischia
54
Shoulders hips and extremities are commonly seen well on ____ views.
both
55
Metastases to the spine are difficult to detect radiographically, since loss of approximately ____of the mineral content of the bone must occur
50%
56
isotope used for a bone scan?
Tc 99m
57
pharmaceutical used for bone scan?
MDP or HMDP
58
dosage for bone scan:
15-30 mCi
59
Introduction of medicine for bone scan:
Intravenous
60
____ is generally an adequate time for good bone accumulation and a low soft tissue level of the radiopharmaceutical.
3 hours
61
How long does the bone scan take?
2-4 hours
62
Unless contraindicated, patients should be ____ to aid in clearance of the radiopharmaceutical from the body.
hydrated
63
Administration of _____ of liquid during the delay period and should be voided frequently to decreases the radiation dose.
4-6 glasses
64
____ before the procedure starts to avoid obscurity of the pelvis due to accumulation of medicine in the bladder.
Void
65
patient positioning for bone scan:
supine
66
static views of chest for bone scan:
ANT, RAO, RLAT, RPO, POS, LPO, LLAT, LAO
67
Indications for radionuclide renal scintigraphy.
1. Relative renal function 2. Renal Transplant Evaluation 3. Acute Renal Failure 4. Obstructive Uropathy 5. Renovascular Hypertension 6. Infection and Inflammation
68
____ is the most common radionuclide renal imaging study performed
MAG3 and DTPA
69
MAG3 -
Mercaptoacetyltriglycine
70
DTPA -
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
71
Functional renal imaging can be used to determine both _____
absolute and renal function
72
Relative renal function is calculated using an early (1 – 2 or 2 – 3 mins min projection) image of the ____
kidneys
73
Several caveats in determination of relative renal function:
1. Calculation of renal function 2. Attenuation
74
This method was shown to be effective by Haynie and his colleagues, who injected labeled _____
ceramic microspheres
75
The development of MAA is by _____ in 1964
Taplin & Coll and Wagner & Coll
76
MAA -
Macroaggregated Albumin
77
After intravenous injection the particles, which measure ____ in diameter, pass through the right atrium and right ventricle, where they are well mixed with blood, and then into the pulmonary artery.
30-40 um
78
A satisfactory perfusion image can be obtained with anywhere between _____ particles in a normal patient.
60,000 and 150,000
79
If too few particles are given, the scans have an obvious ____ appearance
blotchy
80
method of injection for MAA:
intravenous
81
Standard Perfusion Imaging includes the six basic views:
Posterior, Anterior, Right & Left Laterals, and Right & Left Posterior Obliques.
82
Posterior view first for ____ counts, and then each of the other views for the same time that it takes to do
500,000
83
3 aspects of ventilation are often examined.
1. Distribution of Single Breath 2. Distribution of Lung Volume 3. Distribution of the efficiency of ventilation from the clearance of radioactive xenon
84
Thyroid Cancer RAI Treatment
* Post-surgery * Ablations of remnants and metastases * Reduces recurrences, metastases, mortality
85
Determines the overall function of the thyroid gland
Thyroid Scintigraphy
86
RAI-
Radioactive Iodine
87
ATD
Antithyroid Drugs
88
Adjuvant therapy for well differentiated thyroid cancer
Radioactive Iodine
89
TSH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone

NUCLEAR MEDICINE FINALS (1 decks)

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