Clinical Bacteriology - Chapter 1 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Father of Microbiology and First describe bacteria in 1677 with use of simple
microscope utilizing crude lenses
A
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
2
Q
Developed compound microscope
A
Robert Hooke
3
Q
Year when compound microscope developed
A
1676
4
Q
Formulated Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) Theory
A
Robert Hooke
5
Q
Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and proved that life must arise from pre-existing life
A
Francesco Redi, Pasteur and Tyndall
6
Q
Life must arise from pre-existing life, referred
to as?
A
Theory of Biogenesis
7
Q
Life could develop spontaneously from
decomposing, non-living material
A
Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis)
Theory
8
Q
Who first proposed the Theory of Biogenesis?
A
Rudolf Virchow
9
Q
Able to filter microorganisms from the air and
concluded that this was the source of contamination
A
Louise Pasteur
10
Q
Formulated Germ Theory Disease
A
Louise Pasteur
11
Q
States that each specific infectious disease is
caused by specific microorganism
A
Germ Theory Disease
12
Q
Proved that dust carried germs
A
John Tyndall
13
Q
bacterial pores could be killed by
successive heating
A
Tyndallization
14
Q
Postulated in the 13th century that disease were caused by invisible living creatures called germs
A
Roger Bacon
15
Q
Introduced aseptic surgery by demonstrating value of spraying operating rooms with aqueous phenol
A
Joseph Lister
16
Q
Developed first pure culture technique
A
Joseph Lister
17
Q
Year when Robert Koch established etiologic role of bacteria by anthrax by isolating it in pure culture and transmitted disease to mice
A
1876
18
Q
Year when Robert Koch discovered tubercle bacillus
A
1882
19
Q
Formulated criteria that provided proof that a
specific bacterium caused a disease and is referred as?
A
Koch’s Postulates
20
Q
Causative agent must NOT be present in every case of disease and must present in healthy animals. True or False?
A
False
21
Q
Branch of Biology that deals with study of microbes
A
MICROBIOLOGY
22
Q
obligate intracellular parasites that
contain either RNA or DNA and these proteins
are enclosed by capsid
A
Viruses/Virus
23
Q
Study of viruses
A
Virology
24
Q
Study of fungi
A
Mycology
25
Fungi can exist in yeast or mold; if they exist in both forms, they are said to be?
Dimorphic
26
Fungi doesn't have both sexual and asexual
reproduction. True or False?
False
27
What does the growth cycle of fungi consists of?
Vegetative and Reproductive phase
28
Study of cells, molecules, and mechanisms
responsible for immunity
Immunology
29
Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
30
are minute unicellular organisms that have all necessary protoplasmic equipment for growth and self-multiplication at the expense of available foodstuffs
Bacteria
31
Bacteria do not have sexual growth cycle but some produce asexual pores. True or False?
True
32
Area of biologic science comprising 3 districts but highly interrelated disciplines that include
classification, nomenclature, and identification
MICROBIAL TAXONOMY
33
Organization of microorganisms that share similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or TAXA
CLASSIFICATION
34
most basic taxonomic group and may be defined as collection of bacterial strains
Species
35
subgroups within a species
subspecies
36
designation given to groups below the subspecies level that share specific but relatively minor characteristics (3)
Biotype, serotype, phagotype
37
comprised of different species that have
several important features in common but differ sufficiently to still maintain their status as individual species
Genus
38
Naming of microorganisms according to
established rules and guidelines provided the accepted labels by which organisms are
universally recognized
NOMENCLATURE
39
Binomial System
Nomenclature
40
Process by which microorganism’s key features are delineated
IDENTIFICATION
41
Relate to organism’s
genetic make-up
including the nature of
organism’s genes and
constituent acids
GENOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTICS
42
based on features beyond genetic level
and includes readily
observable
characteristics
PHENOTYPIC
CHARACTERISTCS
43
DNA is comprised of how many bases?
4 bases
44
Extent to which DNA of 2 organisms is made up of ____________________ relative to their base
content can be used as an indicator or relatedness
cytosine & guanine (C + G)
45
Order of bases along strand of DNA/RNA
Nucleic Acid Base Sequence
46
In the method of NUCLEIC ACID
HYBRIDIZATION, the greater the degree of ______________, the
greater is the degree of ______________.
hybridization; relatedness
47
it is the size, shape, intracellular inclusions, cellular
appendages, arrangement of cells of Phenotypic Characteristics.
Microscopic Morphology
48
(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organism to reproducibly stain particular
color with application of specific dyes and reagents
Staining Characteristics
49
(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organism to grow at various temperatures
in presence of O2 and other gases, at various pH levels or in presence of ions and salts like NaCl
Environmental Requirements
50
(Phenotypic Characteristics) ability of organisms to utilize various C and N2
sources as nutritional substrates when grown under specific environment conditions
Nutritional Requirements
51
(Phenotypic Characteristics) characteristics of microbial growth patterns on
artificial media as observed when inspected with unaided eye
Macroscopic Morphology
52
(Phenotypic Characteristics) establishment of molecular constituents of cell that are typical for particular taxon, or organism group by
various analytical methods
Subcellular Properties
53
(Phenotypic Characteristics) exhibition of characteristics inherent resistance to
specific antibiotics, heavy metals, or toxins by
certain microorganisms
Resistance Profiles
54
(Phenotypic Characteristics) establishment of profiles of microorganism by
various serologic and immunologic methods that are useful for determining relatedness among various
microbial groups
Antigenic Properties
55
undifferentiated unicellular organisms that do not form the specialized tissues and organ systems of
higher plants and animals
PROTISTS
56
Higher protists
EUKARYOTES
57
Contains membrane enclosed organelles
that have specific
cellular functions and
histones
EUKARYOTES
58
Have cytoskeleton
which provides support
for different organelles
EUKARYOTES
59
lower protists
PROKARYOTES
60
have no organelles,
histones
PROKARYOTES
61
have cell wall composed
of peptidoglycan with
muramic acid
PROKARYOTES
62
In Microscopic Morphology of shapes and arrangements, what are the 3 Morphological categories?
Cocci, Bacilli, Spiral organisms
63
spherical cells
Cocci/Coccus
64
rod-shaped cells
Bacilli/Bacillus
65
some bacteria are f__________ as they
tend to form long strands composed of many cells.
Filamentous
66
few bacteria that changes their shapes
PLEMORPHIC
67
cocci in pairs; divided in single plane
Diplococci
68
cocci in chains; divided in single plane
Streptococci
69
cocci in grape-like appearance, divided in 2 or more planes
Staphylococci
70
cocci in groups of four
Tetrads
71
group of 8 or more cells
Sarcina
72
bacilli in pair, either slipping (side by side)
or snapping (V-shape)
Diplobacilli
73
bacilli in chain
Streptobacilli
74
either singly or in pair, thick and plump
Coccobacilli
75
comma-shaped
Vibrio
76
Maybe regarded as bacillary forms twisted in the form of helix
Spiral Forms
77
long axis is rigid in motion
Spirillum
78
µ
micro
79
µm
micrometer
80
size of Cocci
0.4 – 2.0 µm
81
size of Bacilli
0.2- 4.0 µm in width by 0.5–20 µm in length
82
length of spirals
1-14 µm in length
83
A type of microscope that visible light passes through specimen and then through series of lenses that reflect light in a manner that results in magnification of organism present in
specimen
Brightfield Microscopy
84
fungi, most parasites, and most bacteria are
visualized using brightfield microscope; NOT SUFFICIENT for
observing viruses. TRUE or FALSE?
True
85
Fills the space between objective lens and
glass slide where specimen is affixed and Enhances resolution by preventing light rays
from dispersing and changing wavelengths
after passing through the specimen.
Oil Immersion
86
Needed to make objects stand out from
background
Contrast
87
can be raised to higher energy
level after absorbing UV (excitation) light
Fluors/ fluorochromes
88
where color of fluorescent light depends on the dye and light filters used.
fluorescence
89
Fluorescent dye is used alone
Fluorochroming
90
A type of microscope that contrast is achieved without the use of stains
Phase Contrast Microscopy
91
What is the advantage of Phase Contrast Microscopy?
permit observation of viable
microorganisms
92
A type of microscope that the condenser does not allow light to pass directly through specimen but directs light to hit the
specimen at oblique angle
Darkfield Microscopy
93
A type of microscope that uses electron beam instead of light to visualize small
objects
Electron Microscopy
94
What are the two types of electron microscope?
transmission and scanning
95
Passes electron beams through object and allows visualization of internal structures
TRANSMISSION EM
96
It is a technique for microscopic study of microorganisms Used for detection of motile bacteria
Direct Wet Mount Preparation
97
Electron beams are used to scan the surface of object and provide three dimensional view of surface structures
SCANNING EM
98
Direct Wet Mount Preparation is best viewed through?
Dark field and Phase Contrast
microscope
99
What is the advantage of Hanging Drop Preparation?
Morphology is less distorted and motility
is better appreciated
100
A dye so dilute that it cannot exert any toxic effect or inhibitory action on the cell is employed
Intravital Staining
101
Either direct clinical specimen or samples of growth from cultures and MOST USEFUL method for presumptive identification of bacteria and presence of certain viruses and for the definitive identification of most parasites and fungi
Fixed Stained State
102
Preserve morphology of bacteria and Allow smear to adhere on to slide
Air Drying
103
Coloring the microorganism with dye that
emphasizes certain structures
Staining
104
What are the types of stains?
simple, differential, and
special staining
105
Employ single dye, most commonly methylene blue, crystal violet, carbol fuchsin, or safranin. Most cells and most structures within each cell will stain with the same hue
Simple Stains
106
organisms are stained
Positive Staining
107
background is stained, not
the organism
Negative Staining
108
Consists of adding more than one dye added in several steps and the stained structures are
differentiated by color, as well as shape
Differential Stains
109
Used to color and isolate specific parts of
microorganims
Special Stains
110
It is one of the most useful and most generally applied and First devised by Dr. Hans Christian Gram in 1884
GRAM STAIN
111
Can be use effectively to divide all bacterial species into 2 large groups. What are they?
Gram Positive and Gram Negative.
112
Those that retain primary stain and deep violet in color
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
113
ALL COCCI are GRAM (+) except:
Neisseria group, Moraxella (Branhamella)
catarrhalis, and Veillonella
114
Those that are decolorized and retains
counterstain ; Pink or red in color
GRAM NEGATIVE
BACTERIA
115
ALL BACILLI are GRAM (-)
except:
acid fast organisms (Mycobacterium, Nocardia), sporeformers (Bacillus,
Clostridium), and Corynebacterium
species
116
SPIRALS are difficult to stain BUT WHEN
STAINED, THEY ARE _________
GRAM NEGATIVE
