Clinical Chemistries: Endocrine Assays

Question 1

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary regulate?

Answer 1

Growth
Development
Metabolism
Homeostasis

Question 2

What controls the pituitary gland by releasing and inhibiting hormones?

Answer 2

The Hypothalamus

Question 3

What does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 3

ADH and oxytocin

Question 4

What is considered the Master Gland?

Answer 4

The pituitary gland

Question 5

The pituitary gland is made of what two lobes?

Answer 5

Anterior Pituitary

Posterior Pituitary

Question 6

What are the seven hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

Answer 6

1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
3. Growth Hormone
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
5. Luteinizing Hormone
6. Prolactin
7. Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone

Question 7

What are the seven hormones stimulated by?

Answer 7

Endocrine signals from hypothalamus

Question 8

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 8

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex Hormones

Question 9

Adrenal Medulla

Answer 9

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 10

What happens when the animal is stressed?

Answer 10

The brain triggers the hypothalamus to secrete a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)

Question 11

What does CRF trigger the secretion of?

Answer 11

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 12

Cushing disease (hyperadrenocorticism)

Answer 12

Brain or pituitary tumors and overuse of glucocorticoids may cause excessive cortisol release

Question 13

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s disease?

Answer 13

Pot-belly
Symmetrical hair loss
PU/PD
polyphagia
Lethargy
Panting
Skin disease
UTIs

Question 14

Addison Disease (Hypoadrenocorticism)

Answer 14

Decrease in cortisol

Cortex atrophies

Question 15

What are the symptoms of Addison’s Disease?

Answer 15

Vomiting and Diarrhea
Hypoglycemia
Muscle Weakness
Dehydration
Bradycardia

Question 16

What is used in animals with suspected hypoadrenocorticism or hyperadrenocorticism?

Answer 16

ACTH Stimulation Test

Question 17

What does the ACT Stimulation test evaluate?

Answer 17

The degree of adrenal gland response to administration of exogenous ACTH

Question 18

How accurate are the ACTH stimulation screening tests in dogs and cats?

Answer 18

80% in dogs

50% in cats

Question 19

Low-dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Answer 19

Confirms or replaces ACTH response test for hyperadrenocorticism

Question 20

High-dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test

Answer 20

Differentiates pituitary from adrenal causes

Question 21

What test is only suitable for cats?

Answer 21

High-dose dexamethasone suppression test

Question 22

What test differentiate between pituitary-dependent and primary hyperadrenocorticism?

Answer 22

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation

Question 23

What should not be elevated after the CRH test?

Answer 23

Plasma cortisol concentrations and ACTH

Question 24

In what disease will you see an increase in CRH?

Answer 24

Adrenal-dependent Cushing disease

Question 25

How do you do a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test?

Answer 25

Obtain a baseline sample Administer 1mg/kg corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Sample again at 15 and 30 minutes

Question 26

What does the thyroid gland secrete and then is converted to T3 and T4?

Answer 26

Thyroglobulin

Question 27

Canine Hypothyroidism

Answer 27

Decreased production of thyroid hormones

Question 28

What is the primary cause of hypothyroidism?

Answer 28

Autoimmune condition damaged thyroid which leads to decreased thyroxine

Question 29

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 29

Lethargy Obesity Heat Seeking behavior Skin disorders

Question 30

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

Answer 30

Thyroid Supplement

Question 31

Feline Hyperthyroidism

Answer 31

The most common endocrine disease of older cats

Question 32

What causes hyperthyroidism?

Answer 32

A benign thyroid tumor that secretes increased T3 and T4

Question 33

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 33

``` Weight loss Increased appetite Rapid heart rate Poor hair coat Vomiting Diarrhea Muscle weakness ```

Question 34

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 34

Methimazole Surgery Radiation therapy

Question 35

Other miscellaneous Test: Growth hormone

Answer 35

Diagnosis acromegaly or gigantism

Question 36

Other miscellaneous tests: Malassimilation

Answer 36

Maldigestive (pancreas, digestive enzymes) | Malabsorptive (intestinal)

Question 37

Other miscellaneous tests: Malassimilation four more tests

Answer 37

Monosaccharide d-xylose absorption tests Serum folate Cobalamin levels

Question 38

Other miscellaneous Tests: Occult Blood

Answer 38

GI ulcers, neoplasia, parasitism

Question 39

What can the animals not eat before doing an occult blood test?

Answer 39

Eat meat three days before the test

Question 40

What tests the quality and concentration of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid?

Answer 40

Mucin Clot Test

Question 41

How do you perform a Mucin Clot Test?

Answer 41

Arthrocentesis

Question 42

What do you mix the synovial fluid with?

Answer 42

Acetic Acid or vinegar

Question 43

What does the Mucin Clot measure?

Answer 43

The clot quality

Question 44

How do you perform the Mucin Clot test?

Answer 44

Mix gently and allow to stand for one hour | Grade the clot quality

Question 45

Good clot

Answer 45

Large, compact, ropy

Question 46

Fair clot

Answer 46

Soft clot, with slightly turbid solution

Question 47

Fair to Poor clot

Answer 47

A friable clot in a cloudy solution

Question 48

Poor clot

Answer 48

No clot but large flecks of turbid solution