Clinical Chemistry Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Measures of Center
A
Mean, Median, Mode
2
Q
Measures of Spread
A
Range, Standard Deviation (SD), Coefficient of Variation (CV)
3
Q
Range
A
The easiest measure of spread
4
Q
The smaller the %CV, the ______ the precision
A
greater
5
Q
Measures of Shape
A
Gaussian distribution a.k.a Normal Distribution
6
Q
Distribution is symmetric. The symmetrical shape often called a?
A
Bell Curve
7
Q
_______ of the data fall between ±1SD
A
68.3%
8
Q
_______ of the data fall between ±2SD
A
95.4%
9
Q
_______ of the data fall between ±3SD
A
99.7%
10
Q
T Test
A
Accuracy, Means
11
Q
F Test
A
Precision, SD
12
Q
The ability of a method to detect small quantities of an analyte.
A
Analytical Sensitivity
13
Q
The ability of a method to detect only the analyte it is designed to determine.
A
Analytical Specificity
14
Q
The ability of a test to detect a given disease or condition.
A
Diagnostic Sensitivity
TP)/(TP+FN
15
Q
The ability of a test to correctly identify the absence of a given disease or condition.
A
Diagnostic Specificity
TN)/(TN+FP
16
Q
Chance of an individual having a given disease/condition if the test is abnormal.
A
Positive Predictive Value
TP)/(TP+FP
17
Q
Change of an individual does not have a given disease or condition if the test is within the reference range.
A
Negative Predictive Value
TN)/(TN+FN
18
Q
1 control exceeds ±2s from the mean.
A
1:2S
Indicates testing of other values. If no violation of other rules, run is considered in control
19
Q
1 control exceeds ±3s from the mean.
A
1:3S
Random, Reject
20
Q
2 consecutive controls exceed 2s from the mean on the same side.
A
2:2S
Systematic, Reject
21
Q
2 consecutive controls differ by 4s.
A
R:4S
Random, Reject
22
Q
4 consecutive controls exceed 1s from the mean on the same side.
A
4:1S
Systematic, Reject
23
Q
10 consecutive controls on the same side of the mean.
A
10:x
Systematic, Reject
24
Q
The method used to validate a particular measurement process.
A
Proficiency Test
25
Specimens that have known concentrations of an analyte for the test of interest.
Proficiency Samples
26
The gradual change in the analytic process.
Trend
| Values for the control either increase/decrease over a period of 6 consecutive days.
27
The abrupt change in the analytic process.
Shift
6 or more consecutive daily values that distribute themselves on one side of the mean value line, but maintain a constant level.
28
The main cause of Trend.
Deterioration of reagents
29
The main cause of Shift.
Improper calibration of an instrument
30
Developed the Standard System for the identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
31
Color of Health Hazard
Blue
32
Color of Fire Hazard
Red
33
Color of Reactivity
Yellow
34
Color of Specific Hazard
White
35
Meaning of RACE
Rescue
Alarm
Contain
Extinguish
36
Meaning of PASS
Pull pin
Aim nozzle at the base of the fire
Squeeze trigger
Sweep nozzle side to side
37
Class of FIRE
| Ordinary combustibles: wood, paper, cloth, etc.
CLASS A
38
Class of FIRE
| Flammable liquids: gasoline, paints, etc.
CLASS B
39
Class of FIRE
| Electrical equipment: motors, switches
CLASS C
40
Class of FIRE
| Flammable metals: Mg
CLASS D
41
Class of FIRE
| Arsenal Fire
CLASS E
42
Type of Extinguisher of Class A
Pressurized water, dry chemical (PASS)
43
Type of Extinguisher of Class B
Dry Chemical, CO2 (PASS)
44
Type of Extinguisher of Class C
Dry Chemical, CO2, Halon (PASS)
45
Type of Extinguisher of Class D
Metal X (Cover burning material with the extinguishing agent)
46
Type of Extinguisher of Class E
Cannot be extinguished
47
Abnormally high urea nitrogen in the blood
Uremia
48
Significant increase in the plasma concentrations of UREA and CREATININE
Azotemia
49
Result of poor perfusion of the kidneys and therefore diminished glomerular filtration; kidneys are normal
Pre-renal Azotemia
50
Caused primarily by diminished glomerular filtration as a consequence of acute or chronic renal disease
Renal Azotemia
51
Usually the result of any type of obstruction in which urea is reabsorbed into the circulation
Post-renal Azotemia
52
Evelyn-Malloy
pH: Acid
Dissociating agent: Methanol
Diazo product: Red/Reddish-purple color (max. absorbance at 560nm)
53
Jendrassik-Grof
pH: Alkaline
Dissociating agent: Caffeine-sodium benzoate
Diazo product: Blue (max. absorbance at 600nm)
54
Causes of increased serum B1
Hemolytic anemias
Newborns
Hereditary alteration of the rate of conversion
Medications
55
Causes of increased serum B2
Bile duct obstruction
Some cases of hepatitis
Medications
56
Causes of increased serum B1 and B2
Hepatitis
57
Electrophoresis
| Gamma Spike
Multiple Myeloma
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Electrophoresis
| Deficient in alpha-1 globulin (AAT)
Pulmonary Emphysema
59
Electrophoresis
| A2 globulin band spike
Nephrotic Syndrome
60
Electrophoresis
| alpha-1 globulin flat curve
Juvenile Cirrhosis (AAT Deficiency)
61
Electrophoresis
| Spikes in alpha-1, alpha-2, beta
Inflammation
62
Electrophoresis
| Beta-Gamma Bridging
Hepatic Cirrhosis
63
4 major lipoprotein classes
Chylomicrons (CMs)
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDLs)
Low-density lipoprotein (LDLs)
High-density lipoprotein (HDLs)
64
Lipoprotein Electrophoresis
| From the origin
CMs - LDL (beta) - VLDL (pre-beta) - HDL (alpha)
65
Lipoprotein electrophoretograms are usually visualized with a lipid-staining dye such as?
OIL RED O
FAT RED 7B
SUDAN BLACK B
66
Lipoprotein Pattern
| Extremely elevated TG due to the presence of CMs
TYPE I
67
Lipoprotein Pattern
| Elevated LDL
TYPE IIa
68
Lipoprotein Pattern
| Elevated LDL, VLDL
TYPE IIb
69
Lipoprotein Pattern
| Elevated cholesterol, TG with the presence of beta-VLDL
TYPE III
70
Lipoprotein Pattern
| Elevated VLDL
TYPE IV
71
Lipoprotein Pattern
| Elevated VLDL, and presence of CMs
TYPE V
72
FRIEDEWALD FORMULA
TAG in mg/dl
[LDL] = [Total cholesterol] - [HDL] - [Plasma TAG]/5
TAG in mmol/L
[LDL] = [Total cholesterol] - [HDL] - [Plasma TAG]/2.175
73
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Acid phosphatase (ACP)
```
Prostate carcinoma
74
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
```
Hepatic disorder
75
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Aldolase (ALD)
Skeletal muscle disorder
76
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
```
Hepatic disorder
| Bone disorder
77
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Amylase (AMS)
Acute pancreatitis
78
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Blood pressure regulation
79
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
```
Myocardial infarction
Hepatic disorder
Skeletal muscle disorder
80
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Chymotrypsin (CHY)
Chronic pancreatitis insufficiency
81
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Creatine kinase (CK)
```
Myocardial infarction
| Skeletal muscle disorder
82
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Elastase-1 (E1)
Chronic pancreatitis insufficiency
83
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
84
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLD)
```
Hepatic disorder
85
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
Hepatic disorder
86
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)
Hepatic disorder
87
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Glycogen phosphorylase (GP)
```
Acute myocardial infarction
88
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
```
Myocardial infarction
Hepatic disorder
Hemolysis
Carcinoma
89
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Lipase (LPS)
Acute pancreatitis
90
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| 5'-Nucleotidase
Hepatic disorder
91
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Pseudocholinesterase (PChE)
Organophosphate poisoning
Genetic variants
Hepatic disorder
Suxamethonium sensitivity
92
```
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Pyruvate kinase (PK)
```
Hemolytic anemia
93
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
| Trypsin (TRY)
Acute pancreatitis
94
Causes an increased sensitivity to certain muscle relaxants, called choline esters
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
95
Affected individuals can suffer from PROLONGED APNEA and MUSCLE PARALYSIS following administration of muscle relaxant drugs
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
96
SODIUM normal range in serum/plasma
136-145 mmol/L
97
OSMOLALITY FORMULA
Osmolality = 2Na + (Glucose/20) + (BUN/3)
Osmolality = 1.86Na + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8) (+ 9 BISHOP)
98
POTASSIUM normal range in serum/plasma
3.5-5.1 mmol/L
99
CHLORIDE normal range in serum/plasma
98-107 mmol/L
100
BICARBONATE normal range in serum/plasma
CO2, venous
| 23-29 mmol/L
101
May be therapeutically used with PREECLAMPSIA, CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA, MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
MgSO4 (Magnesium sulfate)
102
______ is a vasodilator and can decrease uterine hyperactivity in eclamptic states and increase uterine blood flow.
Mg2+ (Magnesium)
103
Differential diagnosis of high anion gap acidosis
```
M - methanol
U - uremia
D - diabetic ketoacidosis
P - paraldehyde
I - iron, inhalants
L - lactic acidosis
E - ethylene glycol, ethanol ketoacidosis
S - salicylates, starvation ketoacidosis, sympathomimetics
```
104
Differential diagnosis of decreased anion gap
1. Hypoalbuminemia
| 2. Severe hypercalcemia
105
Increased pH, Decreased pO2
Respiratory Alkalosis
106
Decreased pH, Increased pO2
Respiratory Acidosis
107
Decreased pH, Decreased HCO3
Metabolic Acidosis
108
Increased pH, Increased HCO3
Metabolic Alkalosis
109
Growth Hormone
- The most abundant hormone of the anterior pituitary gland
- Major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body
- Protein synthesis, cell growth, and division
Increased GH - Gigantism, acromegaly
Decreased GH - Dwarfism
110
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Stimulates adrenal cortex to release its hormones
Diurnal variation: highest in early AM, lowest in the late afternoon
Increased ACTH - Cushing's Disease
111
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Beginning at puberty stimulates follicle development and estrogen production by female ovaries; promotes sperm production in males
Sharp increase - just before ovulation
Decrease sterility in both male and female
112
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Beginning at puberty stimulates ovulation, converts ruptured ovarian follicle to a corpus luteum, and causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone; stimulates male testes to produce testosterone
113
Prolactin
Stimulates production of breast milk
114
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
Increased TSH - hypothyroidism
Decreased TSH - hyperthyroidism
115
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
```
GH
ACTH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
TSH
```
116
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Vasopressin (ADH)
| Oxytocin
117
Vasopressin (ADH)
Causes kidney tubule cells to reabsorb and conserve body water and increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles
- produced in the Hypothalamus
- stored in the posterior pituitary
- release stimulated by increased osmolality, decrease blood volume, or BP
- decrease in Diabetes insipidus
118
Oxytocin
Released in significant amounts only during childbirth and in nursing women
Uterine contractions during childbirth, lactation
- produced in the Hypothalamus
- stored in the posterior pituitary
119
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
120
T4
Metabolism, growth, and development
- principle thyroid hormone;
- regulated by TSH
- decreased T4 = Cretinism in children
121
T3
Metabolism, growth, and development
- more potent than T4
- regulated by TSH
122
Calcitonin
Inhibition of Ca2+ resorption
- Important in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer
