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1 ICPP > Clinical Conditions > Flashcards

Clinical Conditions Flashcards

(33 cards)

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1
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis?

A
  • Thyrotoxicosis is a disease caused by excessive concentrations of free thyroid hormones (most often T4)
  • It presents with tremor, tachycardia, fatigue and heat intolerance
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2
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disorder wherein the thyroid gland is overactive and produces an excess amount of T3/T4
  • It presents with fatigue, weight loss and excessive sweating
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3
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A
  • Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder wherein the thyroid gland is underactive and produces an insufficient amount of T3/T4
  • It presents with tiredness, weight gain and feeling depressed
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4
Q

What is asthma?

A

Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disorder of the lungs characterised by airway hyper-responsiveness which causes variable and reversible airflow obstruction

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5
Q

Name and explain 2 haemolytic anaemias.

A

Hereditary sperocytosis:

  • Spectrin depleted 40-50%
  • Erthrocytes=more round
    • Less resistant to lysis

Hereditary eliptocytosis:

  • Defect in spectrin molecule
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6
Q

Name 2 toxins which interfere with G-protein function

A
  • Cholera toxin
  • Pertussis toxin
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7
Q

How does the pertussis toxin work?

A

Corrupts Gαi protein- uncouples it

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8
Q

How does the cholera toxin work?

A

Prevents GTPase activity

Permanently ON pathway

(Corrupts GalphaS)

Loss of fluid and electrolytes

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9
Q

Explain how interactions with ß1 -adrenoreceptors can increase the force of contraction in the heart.

(positive inotropic effect)

A

G alpha S subunit- active- acitivates adenylyl cyclase

Adenylyl cyclase- ATP to Cyclic AMP

Cyclic AMP- activates PKA

PKA causes complement modification of VOCC

Higher intracellular Ca2+ conc

Increased contractility

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10
Q

How can sympathetically release noradrenaline cause vasoconstriction (smooth muscle contraction)?

A

Acting on: α₁-adrenoreceptors

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11
Q

How can parasympathetically released acetylcholine cause bronchoconstriction?

A

Act on: M3-muscarinic receptor

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12
Q

What are the normal plasma levels of calcium?

A

8-10mg/dL

1.9-2.3mM

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13
Q

What processes are changes in calcium ion concentration responsible for?

A
  1. Muscle contraction
  2. Neurotransmission
  3. Fertilisation
  4. Cell death
  5. Metabolism regulation
  6. Learning and memory
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14
Q

Name the different types of calcium ion transporters

A
  • PMCA: Plasma membrane calcium ATPase (ATP dependent)
  • SERCA: Sarcoplasmic ER calcium ATPase (ATP dependent)
  • NCX: Sodium-calcium exchanger
  • VOCC: Voltage operated calcium channel (influx)
  • LGIC: Ligand gated ion channels
  • CICR: Calcium induced calcium release receptors
    • amplify Ca2+ change in cytoplasm (ER/SR release)
  • IP3R: receptors (ER/SR release)
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15
Q

Which of the following can Na+ and K+ pass through (without proteins etc)?

  • Capillary wall
  • Cell membrane
A

Capillary wall - not cell membrane

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16
Q

What is the normal osmolarity of intracellular fluid?

Study These Flashcards
A

280-310mOsm/kg

17
Q

How is serum osmolarity estimated clinically?

Study These Flashcards
A

Doubling serum sodium

18
Q

What is the Permeability coefficient?

Study These Flashcards
A

Transport flux of material through membrane per unit driving force per unit membrane thickness

19
Q

What do each of the letter stand for in this equation?

J = P (C1 - C2)

Study These Flashcards
A

J= net rate of transport

P= permeability coefficient

C=concentration

20
Q

Which of the following ions is higher intracellularly than extracellularly?

  1. Na+
  2. Cl-
  3. K+
  4. Ca2+
21
Q

What are 2 types of co-transporters?

Study These Flashcards
A

Symport - same direction

Antiport- opposite direction

22
Q

What does sodium-potassium ATPase do?

Study These Flashcards
A

Generates ion gradients

Allows for:

  • secondary active transport
  • action potentials
23
Q

Why does calcium end up entering the cell in an uncontrolled way in ischaemia?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Low oxygen
  • Low ATP production
  • Gradients of Na+ not maintained
24
Q

Name 3 membrane proteins which control cell pH.

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Acid extruders:
    1. NHE: Sodium/hydrogen exchanger
      1. 1:1
      2. Activated by growth factors
      3. Inhibited by amiloride
    2. NBC: Sodium bicarbonate co-transporter
  2. Base extruders:
    1. AE: Anion exchanger
      1. Exchange Cl- with HCO3-
25
What is often the first line of treatment for mild hypertension?
Renal control of circulating Na+ concentration EG. * Water tablet conc * Diuretic
26
Which cells in the body have the highest resting membrane potentials?
Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells | (-80--\> -90 mV)
27
What are the ionic concentrations for a typical cell of: ## Footnote Na+ K+ Cl- Anions (-) eg phosphate, bicarbonate, amino acids
* Na+ * ​Intracellular: 12mM * Extracellular: 145mM * **K+** * **​Intracellular: 155mM** * **Extracellular: 4.5mM** * Cl-​ * ​Intracellular: 4.2mM * Extracellular: 123mM * Anions (-) eg phosphate, bicarbonate, amino acids: * ​Intracellular: 167mM * Extracellular: 40mM * * ​Intracellular: * Extracellular:
28
What does the nernst equation allow us to calculate?
Membrane potential
29
What is the GHK equation and what does it describe?
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Describes the **ionic flux** across a **cell membrane** as a function of the **transmembrane potential** and the **concentrations of the ion** *_inside_* and *_outside_* of the cell.
30
What are the 2 types of fast synaptic transmission? (Receptor protein=ion channel--\> Transmitter binding- opens channel)
1. **_EPSP: Excitatory post-synaptic potential_** 1. **Excitatory transmitters** (eg acetylcholine, glutamate) open **ligand gated ion channels**- caused membrane *_depolarisations_* 2. **_Inhibitory synapses_** 1. ​Transmitters (glycine)- Open **ligand-gated channels**- cause *_hyperpolarisation_*
31
What are the 2 types of slow synaptic transmission?
* **Direct G-protein gating** * **​**Localised, quite rapid * Gating via intracellular messenger
32
What is Devic's disease?
Conduction of action potential in CNS affected (optic and spinal nerves) due to break down of myelin sheath.
33
Name 2 diseases which affect the PNS and cause breakdown or damage to the myelin sheath.
Landry-Guillain-Barre syndrome Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

1 ICPP (3 decks)

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