Clinical / Disease Process

Question 1

What is disease?

Answer 1

Manifestation of pathology or pathophysiology in a person. It is a condition of abnormal functioning.

Question 2

What is the difference between physiological and pathophysiological change in the body?

Answer 2

Physiological change - changes in organ systems.
Pathophysiological is a change in body function that results from disorder or disease.

Question 3

Define syndrome.

Answer 3

Syndrome is a complexity of signs and symptoms from a common cause, producing a picture of a disease, usually the actual cause of the syndrome is unknown.

Question 4

Define disorder.

Answer 4

Disorder disrupts or interferes with normal function or structure.

Question 5

Define disease.

Answer 5

Specific term reserved for the characteristic or distinguishing features that correspond to a particular pathophysiological condition.

Question 6

Disease can be classified by bodily region or system (topography). What are three others?

Answer 6

Organ or tissue - anatomy, pathology.
Function or effect - pathophysiology.
Cause - aetiology
Spread - epidemiology.

Question 7

Infectious disease is one classification of disease that is dependent on cause. What are three others?

Answer 7

Deficiency disease.
Genetic disease.
Physiological disease.

Question 8

Cell injury and death is one way of looking at the clinical models of health in a disease. What are four others?

Answer 8

Cell proliferation and differentiation - excess will result in tumours.
Inflammation, infection and immune defects -
Metabolic and nutritional disorder - abnormal chemical reaction in the body that alters the normal metabolic process.
Degeneration - is a continuous process in any tissue or organ where there is increasing deterioration over time.

Question 9

What is acute inflammation, and how does it present?

Answer 9

Normal physiological process, will present as redness, heat, pain, swelling and loss of function.
Inflammatory mediators are released and they cause increased capillary permeability, vasodilation and leukocytes.

Question 10

What is the 6 steps of chain infections?

Answer 10

Infectious agents
Reservoir
Portals of entry
Modes of transmission
Portals of exit
Susceptible host.

Question 11

A missing enzyme or vitamin may cause a metabolic disease in a person. What are three others?

Answer 11

Abnormal chemical reactions.
A disease in the liver, pancreas, endocrine glands, or other organs involved in metabolism.
Nutritional deficiencies.

Question 12

True or false. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease?

Answer 12

True.

Question 13

What is an example of a genetic disorder, inherited disorder, mutation and developmental?

Answer 13

Genetic disorder
Inherited disorder - phenylketonuria, cystic fibrosis, sickel cell anaemia.
Mutation - Trisomy 16 / 21, cri-du-chat, Turner syndrome,
Developmental - Cleft palate

Question 14

True or false. Benign tumours can be differentiated from malignant tumours because they have a capsule and the cells are well differentiated.

Answer 14

True.

Question 15

Programmed cell death is called what?

Answer 15

Apoptosis.

Question 16

What are three chemical mediators in the inflammatory process?

Answer 16

Prostaglandins, histamines, cytokines.

Question 17

Risk factors contribute to the development of disease. What are two categories that we classify risk factors as?

Answer 17

Modifiable risk factors - you can take measures to change them, smoking, diet.
Non-modifiable risk factors - they cannot be changed, age, gender, ethnicity.

Question 18

Define epidemiology.

Answer 18

Epidemiology is the study of distribution, prevalence, morbidity and mortality of disease.

Question 19

What is the aetiology of influenza?

Answer 19

Biological

Question 20

What are some risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Answer 20

DM, Hyperlipidaemia, obesity.

Question 21

True or false. DM Type 1 and hypertension are non-modifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

Answer 21

False. DM and hypertension can be controlled and thus modifiable.

Question 22

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 22

Sequence of events from the cause (aetiology) to the established disease. This is where the body can no longer maintain homeostasis and abnormal function starts.

Question 23

Define pathophysiology?

Answer 23

Altered physiology which affects cells or organ structure and function. It is the study of the mechanism of disease. It can occur at a local level or affect the entire body.

Question 24

The sequence in the pathophysiology of a lack of oxygen (hypoxaemia) to the tissue (hypoxia) results in?

Answer 24

Ischaemia, injury and infarction.

Question 25

What is the difference between subjective and objective data and why do we collect this information?

Answer 25

Subjective data - information obtained from patient or family. Objective data - physical assessment. We require this information to get a clinical picture of what is occurring.

Question 26

Vital signs are an intergral piece of information to make a diagnosis. What are three other processes that help this?

Answer 26

History - subjective data - allergies, previous illness, family history. Physical assessment - pattern of observation, auscultation, palpation and percussion. Investigations - support any previous findings, can include blood / urine tests, imaging or biopsy's may be request.

Question 27

What is the difference between a medical and nursing diagnosis?

Answer 27

A nursing diagnosis is initiated by a nurse and describes a response to the medical diagnosis. A medical diagnosis is about medical condition/disease or injury.

Question 28

In a physical assessment, why might we do auscultation before palpation?

Answer 28

Auscultation is done before palpation to ensure the examiner is listening to undisturbed sounds. Also the patient's pain might increase if we are palpating, affecting the assessment.

Question 29

If your patient has bronchoconstriction (pathophysiology), what will the clinical picture look like?

Answer 29

Wheezing.

Question 30

Principles of treatment are the same for most patients. One is to treat the cause, what is four others?

Answer 30

Monitor patient progress. Implement a care plan Prevent complications Specific cares for the disease.

Question 31

What is the difference between a sign and symptom?

Answer 31

Sign is a measurement or recording - objective. Symptom is more subjective indication - reported by the patient.

Question 32

Explain the difference between acute and chronic diseases.

Answer 32

Acute - develop quickly, lasts short period of time. Usually does not have long term adverse effects and not fatal, e.g. common cold. Chronic - disease that usually lasts for a long period of time - often have long term effects on health, can be fatal, e.g. cancer.

Question 33

What is the clinical picture of inflammation?

Answer 33

Redness -hyperaemia heat pain swelling loss of function

Question 34

The nursing processes involves four components. One is clinical judgement, what are three others?

Answer 34

Clinical judgement Critical thinking Problem solving Clinical decision making

Question 35

What is the nursing process?

Answer 35

Assessment Evaluation Implementation Diagnosis Planning

Question 36

What is the purpose of assessment in the nursing process?

Answer 36

Establish a baseline of information and establish patients 'normal'. Assessment is done through objective and subjective.

Question 37

Initial assessment is one type of nursing assessment, what are three others?

Answer 37

Focused assessment / emergency and time lapsed assessment.

Question 38

What is the difference between medical and nursing diagnosis?

Answer 38

Nursing diagnosis - focuses on response to health / illness and treats problem within scope of practice. Medical - identifies disease and physician directs treatment.

Question 39

What is a SMART goal?

Answer 39

S - Specific - M - Measurable A - Achievable R - Relevant T - Timebound

Question 40

All diseases are classified in the International Classification of Disease (IDC-11), given out by WHO. What classifies mental health disorders?

Answer 40

the Diagnostic and Statistical manual (DSM-5), given out by the American Society of Psychiatry.

Question 41

Infection is one component that can cause cell injury or death?

Answer 41

Can be caused by nutritional or chemical imbalance (lack of vit c or O2). Physical agents Extreme temp Infection

Question 42

What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 42

Apoptosis - where the cell destroys itself, maintaining smooth functioning in the body. Necrosis - accidental cell death occurring due to the uncontrolled external factors.

Question 43

What is cell proliferation? Excess cell proliferation can cause what in the body?

Answer 43

Cell proliferation is normal physiological process where the cell divides - mitosis. Excess cell proliferation results in tumours (neoplasms) these can be benign or malignant.

Question 44

What is the clinical picture of inflammation?

Answer 44

Redness Heat Pain Swelling Loss of function

Question 45

A degenerative disease is a continuous process where the organ will deteriorate over time. What is one example?

Answer 45

Alzheimer's Disease where the cortex shrivels up and the ventricles filled with CSF grow larger.

Question 46

An example of genetic disorder due to mutation is _____ and an inherited disorder is _____. a. trisomy 16 and cri-du-chat b. cystic fibrosis and turner syndrome c. cleft palate and phenylketonuria d. trisomy 21 and sickel cell anaemia

Answer 46

D. trisomy 21 and sickel cell anaemia

Question 47

Why do people suffer from influenza so many times in their lives? a. viruses mutate and there are many strains. b. we are resistant to viruses. c. we do not build immunity to viruses. d. viruses only cause inflammation.

Answer 47

viruses mutate and there are many strains.

Question 48

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease where the key problem is a lack of? a. glucose b. insulin c. glucagon d. alpha cells

Answer 48

Insulin

Question 49

What of the following statements is true about osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee? a. it is caused by overuse of the quadraceps. b. it is present in all older people. c. it can be reversed with medication. d. it is a degenerative condition of the cartilage in the knee joint.

Answer 49

D. it is a degenerative condition of the cartilage in the knee joint.

Question 50

True or false. The incidence of CV disease is higher in younger men than in younger women.

Answer 50

True. Oestrogen protects women for CV disease before menopause.

Question 51

True or false. DM T1 and 1 hypertension are non-modifable risk factors for cerebrovascular accident (stroke).

Answer 51

False. DM and hypertension can be controlled, therefore they are modifiable.

Question 52

The sequence in the pathophysiology of lack of O2 (hypoxemia) to the tissue (hypoxia) results in: a. necrosis, injury, ischaemia b. injury, necrosis, ischaemia c. ischaemia, injury, infarction d. ischaemia, infarction, injury

Answer 52

c. ischaemia, injury, infarction A lack of O2 (ischaemia) results in tissue injury which results in necrosis (infarction).