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Biophysical Agents > Clinical Electrical Stimulation > Flashcards

Clinical Electrical Stimulation Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Can charges be transferred from one object to another

A

yes

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2
Q

Can charges be destroyed or created

A

no

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3
Q

can medications transfer charges

A

yes

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4
Q

How many protons and neutrons do electrically neutral atoms contain

A

equal numbers

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5
Q

what is the name of an atom with a deficiency of electrons

A

cations

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6
Q

what is the name of atoms with an excess of electrons

A

anions

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7
Q

what is polarity

A

term used to indicate the relative charge of the terminals or leads of an electrical units

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8
Q

what is an anode

A

+ polarity

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9
Q

what is a cathode

A
  • polarity
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10
Q

Do you need both an anode and cathode for estim

A

yes, you need a positive and negative lead

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11
Q

what is a conductor

A

material where charged particles move when placed in electrical field

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12
Q

what is an insulator

A

material in which charges are not free to move around

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13
Q

what are biological tissues

A

the higher the water content the better the conductor

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14
Q

what is voltage

A

the electrical potential difference between two points in an electrical field of the force that makes charged particles move

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15
Q

what is also known as EMF or potential difference

A

voltage

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16
Q

what is electrical current

A

amount of charge moving past a plane in the conductor per unit time

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17
Q

what is electrical current measured in

A

Amps

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18
Q

what is the formula for ohms law

A

I=VR

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19
Q

what is current flow directly proporitional to

A

voltage

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20
Q

what is current flow inversely proportional too

A

resistance

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21
Q

what does current flow determine

A

physiological response

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22
Q

what is current flow proportional too

A

driving force

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23
Q

what is the opposition to current flow

A

resistance or impedance

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24
Q

what is resistance or impedance measured in

A

ohms

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25
What does voltage measured in volts =
pump
26
what does current measured in AMPs =
gallon
27
what is constant current unit
current flow stays the same even if the resistance changes (voltage will change in response)
28
what is constant voltage unit
voltage stays the same even if the resistance changes (current flow changes in response)
29
what do constant current machines show intensity in
amps or milliamps
30
what do constant volt machines show the output intensity in
volts
31
what does constant current not mean
that the current only offers one intensity but that once the intensity is set by the PT, if there isa change in R this variable will not change
32
What is the advantage of a CC unit
- is that the physiological response is maintained, but it may be more painful
33
what is the advantage of a cv unit
the voltage output stays the same and so does not become uncomfortable, but you may lose the desired patient response
34
What are the different types of currents
direct alternating pulsatile
35
what is a direct current
continuous or uninterrupted unidirectional flow of charged particles
36
what happens to the pads with a direct flow
there are chemical changes under the pad
37
what is the physiology of direct current
- Negative electrode (cathode) attracts cations, sodium ions (na+), which bind with H2O to form NAOH, sodium hydroxide, a base solution - Positive electrode (anode) attracts anions, chloride ions (Cl-), which bind with H20 to form HCL, hydrochloric acid, an acid solution
38
what is an alternating current
continuous or interrupted bi directional flow of charged particles (can be symmetrical and asymetrical)
39
Which type of current is characterized as each electrodes becoming positive for one phase of the cycle and then negative for the next phase
alternating current
40
what happens to the pads in an alternating current
nothing, there is no chemical build up under the pads
41
What is a pulsatile current
uni or bidirectional flow of charged particles which periodically ceases for a finite period of time
42
what type of current is characterized as a pulse being one electrical event separated by a finite period of time when current does not flow
pulsatile current
43
what is an interpulse/interphase interval
the elapsed time between successive pulses
44
what is waveform
a shape of the visual representation of pulsed current on a current or voltage time plot
45
what is phase
current flow in one direction for a finite period of time
46
what are the types of phases
monophasic biphasic
47
what is monophasic
pulse deviates in one direction only from the baseline and returns to the baseline after a finite time
48
what is biphasic
pulse deviates in one direction from the baseline and then deviates in the opposite direction
49
what are the two types of biphasic phases
symmetrical and assymmetrial
50
what is biphasic symmetrical
mirror image
51
what is biphasic asymmetrical
can be balanced or unbalanced; balanced is where the phase charges or area under the curve is equal
52
what type of waveforms have equal positive and negative chargesand are refereed to as having zero net charge
symmetrical waveforms and balanced asymmetrical waveforms
53
what kind of waveforms do not have a zero net charge
asymmetrical waveforms
54
what is phase duration
elapsed time between the begining and end of one phase
55
what is pulse duration
elapsed time between the begining and end of all phases in single pulse
56
what is intrapulse interval or interphase interval
the elapsed time between two successive phases of a pulse
57
what is interpulse interval
elapsed time between successive pulses
58
what is frequency
number of pulses per second for a pulsed current
59
what is A/C expressed in
hz or cycles per second
60
what is rise times
the times for the leading edge of the phase to increase from the baseline peak amplitude of the phase
61
what is decay times
the time of the trailing edge of the phase to return to the baseline fourth peak amplitude of the phase
62
what is ampltude
unit of measure of magnitude of current with reference to baseline
63
what is peak amplitude
maximum current value reached in monophasic pulse of any single phase of a biphasic or polphasic pulse
64
what is phase charge
charge within each phase or area under the curve, determines physiological charge (only one direction)
65
what is pulse charge
the sum of the charge of the component phase (used to measure current delivered)
66
what is modulation
amplitude or time related characteristics that are varied in prescribed fashion
67
what are the different types of modulation
amplitude pulse or phase duration rate or frequency ramp train bursts on/off time duty cycle
68
what is train
a continuous reptitive sequence of pulses or cycles of alternating current
69
what is bursts
an interrupted train, a finite series of pulses delivered at an identified frequency or duration
70
what is on/off time
measured in seconds, percievable by the patient
71
what is the duty cycle
ratio of on time to total time generally expressed as a percentage
72
what is a series component
current flows in one direction only
73
what is parallel component
current is provided with alternate paths and takes the path of least resistance

Biophysical Agents (5 decks)

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